• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2009

Purpose: ISCD (International Society for Clinical Densitometry) requests that users perform mandatory Precision test to raise their quality even though there is no recommendation about patient selection for the test. Thus, we investigated the effect on precision test by measuring reproducibility of 3 bone density groups (normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis). Materials and Methods: 4 users performed precision test with 420 patients (age: $57.8{\pm}9.02$) for BMD in Asan Medical Center (JAN-2008 ~ JUN-2008). In first group (A), 4 users selected 30 patient respectively regardless of bone density condition and measured 2 part (L-spine, femur) in twice. In second group (B), 4 users measured bone density of 10 patients respectively in the same manner of first group (A) users but dividing patient into 3 stages (normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis). In third group (C), 2 users measured 30 patients respectively in the same manner of first group (A) users considering bone density condition. We used GE Lunar Prodigy Advance (Encore. V11.4) and analyzed the result by comparing %CV to LSC using precision tool from ISCD. Check back was done using SPSS. Results: In group A, the %CV calculated by 4 users (a, b, c, d) were 1.16, 1.01, 1.19, 0.65 g/$cm^2$ in L-spine and 0.69, 0.58, 0.97, 0.47 g/$cm^2$ in femur. In group B, the %CV calculated by 4 users (a, b, c, d) were 1.01, 1.19, 0.83, 1.37 g/$cm^2$ in L-spine and 1.03, 0.54, 0.69, 0.58 g/$cm^2$ in femur. When comparing results (group A, B), we found no considerable differences. In group C, the user_1's %CV of normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis were 1.26, 0.94, 0.94 g/$cm^2$ in L-spine and 0.94, 0.79, 1.01 g/$cm^2$ in femur. And the user_2's %CV were 0.97, 0.83, 0.72 g/$cm^2$ L-spine and 0.65, 0.65, 1.05 g/$cm^2$ in femur. When analyzing the result, we figured out that the difference of reproducibility was almost not found but the differences of two users' several result values have effect on total reproducibility. Conclusions: Precision test is a important factor of bone density follow up. When Machine and user's reproducibility is getting better, it’s useful in clinics because of low range of deviation. Users have to check machine's reproducibility before the test and keep the same mind doing BMD test for patient. In precision test, the difference of measured value is usually found for ROI change caused by patient position. In case of osteoporosis patient, there is difficult to make initial ROI accurately more than normal and osteopenia patient due to lack of bone recognition even though ROI is made automatically by computer software. However, initial ROI is very important and users have to make coherent ROI because we use ROI Copy function in a follow up. In this study, we performed precision test considering bone density condition and found LSC value was stayed within 3%. There was no considerable difference. Thus, patient selection could be done regardless of bone density condition.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.241-250
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• 2008

The interest in male osteoporosis is increasing as the incidence of osteoporotic fractures has increased not only in female but also in male due to the increase of old age population thanks to the development of medical science and science in general. Therefore, this study is to find factors related to bone mineral density of male older than 40 years old, to investigate the incidence of the male osteoporosis and to provide a basic result for prevention and medical treatment for the male osteoporosis. The incidence of the osteopenia and the osteoporosis at L-spine was 45% and 12.9% respectively and the incidence of them at femur was 51.9% and 7.63% respectively, among male older than 40 years old who took a medical examination. It was higher than the existing study results conducted to male older than 50 years old in USA and Europe. The incidence of them at both of L-spine and femur showed a significant difference depending the age groups. As the age increases, the average bone mineral density decreases at both of L-spine and femur. And as the weight increases and the body mass index is higher, the incidence of the osteoporosis decreases. There was no significant relation with the incidence of the osteoporosis depending on the exercise, the smoking and the drinking, but the number of exercise, smoking and drinking changes the quantity of bone and are factors influencing the bone mineral density of male person.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine bone mineral density and factors which effect on bone mineral density such as daily nutrients intake, age, menarch age and physical condition among healthy female college students in Daegu area from April 20, to May 20, 2004. 1. Average age was 20.5$\pm$0.96 years old, average height was 160.9$\pm$4.30㎝, and average weight was 55.9$\pm$7.67㎏. Body mass index was 21.6$\pm$2.91㎏/㎡, body fat was 25.6$\pm$5.79％, menarche age was average 12.5$\pm$1.1 years old and WHR(waist/hip circumference ratio) was 0.8$\pm$0.01㎝/㎝. 2. Average level of bone mineral density(T-score -0.56$\pm$0.91) was in normal range. But, 11 persons(24.4％) are over T-score -1.0, 33 persons(73.4％) were within -1.0 - -2.5 and one person(2.2％) was under -2.5. It is very anxious level for Osteopenia-low bone mass, as research result shows 73.4% of the subject of examine on the level of Osteopenia. 3. Daily calorie intake was 2,550㎉ and each nutrient intake, compared to the seventh recommended dietary allowances for korean, was as follows ; Calorie 112％, protein 123％, calcium 78％, phosphorus 137％, iron 68％, vitamin A 101％, vitamin $B_1$ 141％, vitamin $B_2$ 95％, niacin 107％, vitamin C 128％ and zinc 120％. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus(Ca/P) is 0.66, low compared to RDA, but phosphorus intake is so high compared to RDA that precautions should be taken. The ratio of calcium to protein(Ca/Protein) is 8.55. 4. Menarche age and bone mineral density of calcaneus showed positive correlation and body mass index(BMI) indicated positive correlation. Age, height, weight. WHR and physical activity coefficient all do not indicate any significant correlation with bone mineral density. 5. Intake of Calorie, Ca, Ca/p ratio, carbohydrate and fat intake were positively correlated and, protein was negatively correlated, and Fe, Na, P and cholesterol were negatively correlated with BMD. These results indicate that average bone mineral density of subjects was in normal range, but subjects in the stage of osteopenia-low bone mass are many and bad effects are expected to have on their bone mineral density after menopause. Therefore, in order reach maximal bone mineral density, they should improve the balance between calcium and phosphorus and reduce salt intake. And it is thought that education and profound studies on relevant factors affecting the genesis of bone mineral density should be made.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.19-28
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• 2015

To figure out the causes of obesity against middle-aged women, this study aimed to provide basic data for setting an obesity-related policy through analysis on diverse related factors. Against the healthy middle-aged women who visited 'N' Hospital Health Center in Incheon from April to November 2014, anthropometric assessment, body composition test and abdominal fat distribution test were conducted using Fat-CT. They were carried out against 159 women who agreed with the purpose of the study, using BMD, Q-CT. According to Fat-CT, subcutaneous and visceral types accounted for 39% (76 women) and 61% (119 respondents) respectively. In terms of BMI, 'underweight ($18.5kg/m^2$)' and 'overweight ($25kg/m^2$ or above)' were 13 women (6.7%) and 60 women (30.8%) each with the average of $23.5{\pm}4.11kg/m^2$. Mean while, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure and neutral fat were statistically significant at the 5% significance level. As getting older, muscle weakness offsets increase in body weight with abdominal obesity. A group with low BMI should also be considered due to increase in waist circumference.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.193-205
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• 1999

This study was carried out to identify the important risk factors for reduced bone mass of postmenopausal RA patients and to develop discriminant function which can classify postmenopausal RA patients with either reduced or normal bone mass. Through the literature review, individual characteristics such as age, body weight, height, age of menarche, duration of menopause, gravity, parity, and breast feeding period and factors of life style such as milk consumption exercise habit, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, coffee consumpt ion , disease activity, corticosteroid therapy were identified as influencing factors of reduced bone mass in RA patients Sixty eight postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis aged between 42 and 76 were selected among those who checked bone mineral density in lumbar spine and femur from october, 1998 to Apr il, 1999 at Dong-a university hospital in Pusan. Assessment of disease activity, duration of disease and corticosteroid therapy were made by the same rheumatologist and included Ritchie articular index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein on measuring bone mineral density. Cumulative steroid dosage was calculated from the daily dosage multiplied by t h e number of days received. The information of other risk factor including health assessment score, individual characteristics and life style factors were collected by questionnaire. Bone mineral density(BMD) was measured using DXA at lumbar spine and femoral Ward's triangle. Discriminant function(regression equation) was developed for estimating the likelihood of the presence or absence of reduced bone mass. The results are as follows: Among the subjects, thirteen(19.1%) exhibited osteoporosis in lumbar spine and twenty four(35.3%) exhibited osteoporosis in femoral Ward's triangle. For lumbar spine, the variables significant were age, body weight, health assessment score, while for femoral Ward's triangle, age, body weight, duration of disease. But disease activity and corticosteroid therapy were not signigicant to distinguish reduced bone mass from normal bone mass. When the discriminant function was evaluated by comparing the observed out come with predicted out come, the discriminant function correctly classified 85.4% of patients with reduce bone mass and 63.0% of patients with normal bone mass in the lumbar spine and 100% of patients with reduced bone mass and 9.1% of patients with normal bone mass in the femoral Ward's triangle. In summary, we found that osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with RA is more evident at the femur than the lumbar spine. Also the important discriminant factors of reduced bone mass postmenopausal women with RA were age, body weight , duration of disease and health disability. In nursing situation, the efforts to improve of functional capacity of postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis should be considered to prevent osteoporosis and fractures. Also we recommend those postmenopausal women with RA who are classified as a group of the reduced bone mass in the discriminant function should examine the bone mineral density to further examine the usefulness of this discriminant function.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.261-271
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• 1996

Introduction: Osteoporosis, the most common metabolic bone disorder, is a condition of reduced bone density and increased susceptibility to fractures. Osteoporosis is a major public health problem and a significant cause of morbidity in postmenopausal women. Therefore family physicians as primary care physicians are in a key position for preventing and treating this disorder. So we studied the factors affecting to bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: A total of 136 spontaneous postmenopausal women were participated in the study. They have measured spinal bone mineral density by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry from January 1992 to June 1995 at Yeungnam University Hospital. Age, height, weight, age at menarche and menopause, number of child and breast feeding child, history of oral pill ingestion, family history of osteoporosis, amount of milk and coffee ingestion, consumption of tobacco and alcohol and physical activity were assessed by qustionnaire and medical records. Results: The mean age is 55.2 and mean age at menopause is 47.9. Height, weight and physical activity were significantly positive correlated to bone mineral density. But age, duration after menopause and number of child were significantly negative correlated. Also age, height, weight, physical activity and duration after menopause were significantly correlated to % age-matched bone mineral density. In multiple regression analysis, which dependent variable is bone mineral density, duration after menopause, physical activity and weight were significant contributors. Duration after menopause is most the largest contributor. In multiple regression analysis, which dependent variable is % age-matched bone mineral density to adjust the age effect, physical activity and weight were significant contributors. Physical activity is most the largest contributor. Conclusions: Among factors affecting to BMD in postmenopausal women, physical activity and weight were more important factors. Therefore continuous physical activity is significant factor to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.371-376
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• 2007

Objective : Balloon kyphoplasty can effectively relieve the symptomatic pain and correct the segmental deformity of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. While many articles have reported on the effectiveness of the procedure, there has not been any research on the factors affecting the deformity correction. Here, we evaluated both the relationship between postoperative pain relief and restoration of the vertebral height, and segmental kyphosis, as well as the various factors affecting segmental deformity correction after balloon kyphoplasty. Methods : Between January 2004 and December 2006, 137 patients (158 vertebral levels) underwent balloon kyphoplasty. We analyzed various factors such as the age and sex of the patient, preoperative compression ratio, kyphotic angle of compressed segment, injected PMMA volume, configuration of compression, preoperative bone mineral density (BMD) score, time interval between onset of symptom and the procedure, visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain rating and surgery-related complications. Results : The mean postoperative VAS score improvement was $4.93{\pm}0.17$. The mean postoperative height restoration rate was $17.8{\pm}1.57%$ and the kyphotic angle reduction was $1.94{\pm}0.38^{\circ}$. However, there were no significant statistical correlations among VAS score improvement, height restoration rate, and kyphotic angle reduction. Among the various factors, the configuration of the compressed vertebral body (p=0.002) was related to the height restoration rate and the direction of the compression (p=0.006) was related with the kyphotic angle reduction. The preoperative compression ratio (p=0.023, p=0.006) and injected PMMA volume (p<0.001, p=0.035) affected both the height restoration and kyphotic angle reduction. Only the preoperative compression ratio was found to be as an independent affecting factor (95% CI : 1.064-5.068). Conclusion : The two major benefits of balloon kyphoplasty are immediate pain relief and local deformity correction, but segmental deformity correction achieved by balloon kyphoplasty does not result in additional pain relief. Among the factors that were shown to affect the segmental deformity correction, configuration of the compressed vertebral body, direction of the most compressed area, and preoperative compression ratio were not modifiable. However, careful preoperative consideration about the modifiable factor, the PMMA volume to inject, may contribute to the dynamic correction of the segmental deformity.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.168-173
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• 2015

Use of forearm and hip joint bone density scan and find the clinical usefulness of the results that can be inferred as a result of any other region sites injured by a correction factor which if One part up. Groups of 60 patients, 10 patients by age 20-70 were composed of patients measured with the forearm and lumbar spine bone mineral density T-score and Z-score of the survey for each of the three factors that it was Find the correction factor to obtain the relationship. Bone mineral density of the correlation coefficient R = 0.8 correction factor is Y = 1.341X + 0.146. T-score of correlation coefficient R = 0.804 and the correction factor Y = 0.565X - 0.327 is Z-score of the correlation coefficient R = 0.637 correction factor Y = 0.539X - 0.225. It is regarded that there will be a clinical availability which can analogize the result of a part by using the result of the other part. It will be able to determine an auxiliary role in the clinical diagnosis. Correction factor to the equation Y = 1.341X + 0.146 is recommended.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.219-233
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• 2002

면역억제활성이 알려진 Cerves korean TEMMINCK var. manchur-icus Swinhoe(Nokyong) 약침(CPH)은 다모 뿔의 녹용을 열수추출한 용액이다. 본 연구에서는 녹용 약침의 효과를 adjuvant 유발 관절염 실험용쥐를 이용하여 골체, 골강도 및 골대체율의 감소를 평가하였다. 위의 골 대사 관련 검정실험을 위하여 6주령의 암컷 실험용쥐에 20일간 약물투여를 실시하였다. 실험적인 관절염유발은 실험용쥐의 뒤쪽 다리에 Adjuvant를 주사하여 유발시킨 결과, 요부의 골 무기질함량과 밀도(BMC, BMD) 그리고 압축강도는 관절염 실험용쥐에서 감소되었다. 10일 경과 후 골형성도(BFR/BS, BFR/BV)의 조직형태학적 기준척도인 혈청 osteocalcin 수가 정상대조군과 비교해 볼 때 현저하게 감소되었다. 그러나, 몸무게로 나눈 BMC치는 관절염 유발군과 정상군 사이에 큰 차이가 보이지 않았다. 그리고 골무기질 함량은 정상군에 비해 감소하지 않았다. 20일 경과후 몸무게로 나누거나 나누지 않은 BMC치 모두, 관절염 군에서 요부 몸체의 골무기질 함량과 강도가 정상군과 비교해 볼 때 현저하게 감소되었다. 잔존 소주(小柱)의 무기질 침착 표면은 현저하게 감소하였으며 파골 세포의 수는 증가하였다. 초기부터 매일 Shinsu(B23)에 CPH 약침 투여(10, 20, $50{\mu}g/kg$)는 20일 경과후 만성적인 다리 부종을 현저하게 방지하였으며, 골 무기질함량, 골강도 및 소주골 형성등의 감소와 파골세포수 증가도 완화하였다. Adjuvant주사로 장애를 받았던 연령대비 요부 길이 증가도 유지되었다. 이러한 결과는 Adjuvant에 의한 관절염 실험용쥐의 2차적인 골관절염에서 충분히 요추 몸체뼈와 강도 감소를 나타내기 위해서는 적어도 20일이 필요하다는 것을 제시하였다. 본 결과로부터 CPH가 실험용쥐의 관절염에 대한 골체, 골강도 및 골대체율을 조절하는데 유효하게 작용하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.447-453
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• 2014

The purpose of the this study was to examine the comparison of bone mineral density and health related physical fitness induced exercise habits, drinking habits and salt consumption habits on middle-age women. Using a cross-sectional approach, we studied 331 middle-age women who visited the C health center. Subjects were divided into 3 groups depended on exercise habits(sedentary, exercise less than twice a week and more than three time a week), 3 groups depended on drinking habits(non-drinker, low drinker, high drinker), also 3 groups depended on salt consumption habits(low, middle, high), respectively. We measured bone mineral density and health related physical fitness. One-way ANOVA were used to assess differences among 3 groups divided on life habits. Significance was accepted at p<.05. Exercise habits showed significant difference in BMD & % body fat. But another variables showed no significant difference. Also, drinking and salt consumption habits showed no significant differences among the groups. This study suggests that regular exercise can improve bone health and body fat.