• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.55-59
• /
• 1970

In an effort to determine the bio-synthesis in the soybean as investigate to the variance of each substance: Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid and its amides during the growth of younger soybean plants. 1. The variance-curve of Gultamic acid and Aspartic acid as the acidic amino acids in the cotyledons was appeared the peak the first half period at Glutamic acid and the latter half at Aspartic acid in the growth of soybeans, and was received the symmetrical impression centering around the stage of adult leaf-development. But, in the embryonic organ, it appears the peak at both part, in the developmental stage of adult leaf and also appears near phenomena of increase and decrease in the variation-curve of metabolites. 2. It's amides-Gultamine and Asparagine-appears the peak at the developmental stage of adult leaf in the both cotyledons and embryonic organ, and rapid increase in the cotyledons were very impressed compare with the decrease at fallen stage of cotyledons in the embryonic organs. 3. In the relation of variance at Glutamic acid and Aspartic acid, both substance were discovered the fact of translocation from cotyledon to embryonic organ, and Glutamic acid could supposed that bear the charges of outrider substance in other amino acid as the Glutamic acid-self and major basic function for receiving the ammonia as the nitrogen contain constituent of plant. In the case of Glutamine, formation-mechanism of ammonia which develops due to its hydrolysis in the latter period of soybean growth, suggested that was forfeit its function till instance of fallen cotyledons. 4. In the relation the Aspartie acid and Asparagine, Aspartic acid which begins to decrease from seed-state was supposed that bear sufficiently the charge of outrider substance in the formation of Asparagine other than translocated to embryonic organ from cotyledon. And, formation-theory of Aspartic acid which suppose as formational substance from Kreb's cycle were recognized from latter period of soybean growth, and then, rapid accumulation of Asparagine's amounts were supposed that adapt to two theory: Theory which consider to transformation as Asparagine state for pressing to less than noxious weight the concentration of ammonia developing from the cells, and was formate and accumulate as ammonia or carbohydrates containing excess in the cotyledons.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.49-54
• /
• 1970

In an effort of determine the metabolism and bio-synthesis of nitrogen, was studied at variance of souble nitrogens, free amino acids and total alcohol soluble amino acids during the growth of younger soybean plants, and saybean divides into cotyledon and embryonic organ (shoot and root system) in this experiment. 1. In the soluble nitrogen of soybean, ratio of increase and decrease in the amino acids of them was displayed the near phenomena both cotyledon and embryonic organ of soybean. But, in the 17th days after seed germination, that is the developmeatal stage of adult leaf of soybeans, was appear the maximum value. It has been suggested that the stage of first half period of growth as boundary the stage of adult leaf development which indicated clear morphologically, at the younger soybean plants, is the step that nitrogen assimilation. 2. It was investigated the amino acids of seventeen kinds in the seed state, but at the third days after seed germination, was investigated the amino acids of nineteen kinds. Ultimately, it appears the translocation from cotyledon to embryonic organ in the distribution of amino acid, the nineth day which differentiation begining day of embryonic organ, then after, it happen the variation of number of inspected amino acid in the cotyledon and embryonic organ but only the variance changes in the distribution and quantitative aspects. Especially, the most conspicuous fact was indicated the accumulation of Asparagine, that is the phenomena of Asparagine-accumulation was constitute, not with standing no fertilization from outside. It may be concluded from the results of this investigation that the difference of special phenomena of soybean from the embryo of other plans. 3. In the initial stage of differentiation at embryonic organ number of inspected amino acid was very few, and then, it was slightly appeared the increase-phenomena in the number of them. It was that the amino acid inspecting the initial stage was translocated from the cotyledon. It is suggested that the intermediate-metabolism of amino acid was constituted on the basis of above the result. 4. The phenomena of increase and decrease of total alcohol soluble amino acid were essentially identical to the water soluble amino acid of soybean, but it was appeared the severe difference of amounts in both of them.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.121-146
• /
• 2005

Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bronchitis (IB), low pathogenic avian Influenza (LPAI) and fowl typhoid (FT) have been known as egg drop laying diseases because of the serious layer damage from mass zone layer. In this study, such egg drop laying diseases were investigated. To access this study, we peformed to evaluate antibody titers in serum and isolated bacteria and virus from organs and feces on May, July and September in 2003. The distribution of ND from January to May, IB and LPAI from October to February of the next year, and FT from March to September were inspected by the question survey in 21 farms. ND revealed to be positive rates of 490 to 474 $(96.7\%)$ in May, 510 to 506 $(99.2\%)$ in July and 510 to 510 $(100\%)$ in September with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The mean antibody titers were 10.2, 9.9 and 10.2, respectively. With regard to IB, 484 out of 490 samples $(98.7\%)$ in May, 508 of 510 $(99.6\%)$ in July and 509 of 510 $(99.8\%)$ in September showed positive results and the mean antibody titers were gradually increased with 8.2, 9.0 and 9.4, respectively. According to HI test of LPAI, the positive results were shown in 442 of 480 $(92.1\%)$, 394 of 494 $(79.8\%)$ and 402 of 483 $(83.2\%)$ in May, July and September, respectively The mean antibody titers were decreased with 4.6, 4.3 and 4.0. The distribution of LPAI also elicited the positive rates of 480 to 475 $(99.0\%)$ in May, 494 to 485$(98.2\%)$ in July, 483 to 472 $(97.7\%)$ in September as determined by ELISA and the mean S/P ratio were 2.319, 2.557 and 2.380, respectively. Compared ELISA results with HI test of LPAI the positive results were 480 to 422 $(92.1\%),\;475(99.0\%),\;494\;to\;394 (79.8\%),\;485 (98.2\%)\;and\;483\;to\;402(83.2\%),\;472(97.7\%)$. Therefore, the positive rate determined by ELISA was higher than that of HI test with 6.9, 18.4 and $14.5\%$, respectively. When performed RT-PCR for ND using organ and feces samples, the pathotypes were detected $5(15.6\%)\;in\;May,\; 2(5.3\%) in\;July,\;2(7.1\%)$ in September but there is no samples showing positive band for LPAI. In attempt to isolate Salmonella gallinarum, bacteria were obtained from 4 cases (12.5%) in May, 9 (23.6%) in July, 5 (17.8%) in September. Thus the highest rate for isolation revealed to be shown in July When evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility to 18 isolated strains of 5. gallinarum, bacteria were sensitive to trimethoprim/sulfamethox$(61.1\%),\;kanamycin\;(55.5\%),\;ampicillin\;(55.5\%)$ and amoxacillin/clavulanic acid $(55.5\%)$, cephalothin $(50.0\%)$, but resistant to penicillin $(88.9\%)$, streptomycin $(88.9\%)$, erythromycin $(83_4\%)$ and tetracycline $(61.1\%)$. According to HI test of ND and LPAI using captured 164 wild Korean tree sparrows (Passer nontanus), the positive rates were $47.6\%\;and\;57.3\%$, and the mean HI titers were 5.32 and 4.02, respectively. 71 $(43.2\%)\;and\;58(35.3\%)$ in captured sparrows also showed more than 4 titers for HI test to ND and LPAI, respectively However, the attempt for isolation of viruses failed in all samples.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.283-293
• /
• 2002

Purpose : A PC based brachytherapy planning system was developed to display dose distributions on simulation images by 2D isodose curve including the dose profiles, dose-volume histogram and 30 dose distributions. Materials and Methods : Brachytherapy dose planning software was developed especially for the Ir-192 source, which had been developed by KAERI as a substitute for the Co-60 source. The dose computation was achieved by searching for a pre-computed dose matrix which was tabulated as a function of radial and axial distance from a source. In the computation process, the effects of the tissue scattering correction factor and anisotropic dose distributions were included. The computed dose distributions were displayed in 2D film image including the profile dose, 3D isodose curves with wire frame forms and dosevolume histogram. Results : The brachytherapy dose plan was initiated by obtaining source positions on the principal plane of the source axis. The dose distributions in tissue were computed on a $200\times200\;(mm^2)$ plane on which the source axis was located at the center of the plane. The point doses along the longitudinal axis of the source were $4.5\~9.0\%$ smaller than those on the radial axis of the plane, due to the anisotropy created by the cylindrical shape of the source. When compared to manual calculation, the point doses showed $1\~5\%$ discrepancies from the benchmarking plan. The 2D dose distributions of different planes were matched to the same administered isodose level in order to analyze the shape of the optimized dose level. The accumulated dose-volume histogram, displayed as a function of the percentage volume of administered minimum dose level, was used to guide the volume analysis. Conclusion : This study evaluated the developed computerized dose planning system of brachytherapy. The dose distribution was displayed on the coronal, sagittal and axial planes with the dose histogram. The accumulated DVH and 3D dose distributions provided by the developed system may be useful tools for dose analysis in comparison with orthogonal dose planning.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.221-227
• /
• 2011

This study was carried out to determine optimal medium conditions for mass propagation by bioreactor culture of ever-bearing strawberry (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa D.). Two different type of nitride were that mixed $NH_4NO_3$ and $KNO_3$ or added $KNO_3$ only. And nitride concentrations were at the 4 levels of $1/2{\times}$, $1{\times}$, $2{\times}$ and $3{\times}$ that was included $NH_4NO_3$ and $KNO_3$. Sucrose content ranged at 3 levels of $10g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $20g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and $30g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and medium pH were at the 3 levels of 4.6, 5.6 and 6.6. In bioreactor culture, medium that are included $NH_4NO_3$ and $KNO_3$ together in MS medium was suitable for mass propagation. Medium EC rose rapidly when the nitride concentration was increased. For that reason, plantlet growth was inhibited. Shoots of nitride $1/2{\times}$ concentration was 10.8 ea and $1/2{\times}$ concentration was suitable for shoot propagation. Fresh weight of sucrose $30g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was 3,101 mg which was heaviest and aerial and ground part were higher than the other concentration. Shoots were increased in proportion to the increasing concentration of sucrose. In the pH condition, from pH 5.6 to 6.8 were appropriate for the optimum growth of aerial and ground part of plant. From the results, in bioreactor culture for mass propagation, MS medium was suitable $1/2{\times}$ concentration that was included $NH_4NO_3$ and $KNO_3$ together, and added $30g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of sucrose, and then adjusted pH between 5.6 and 6.6.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.125-132
• /
• 2003

Purpose : Lipoprotein(a) is a genetically determined risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease and is elevated in patients with renal disease. Especially the patients with nephrotic syndrome exhibit excessively high Lp(a) plasma concentrations. Also the patients with end-stage renal disease have elevated Lp(a) levels. But the mechanism underlying this elevation is unclear. Thus, in this study, by measuring the level of serum Lp(a) in common renal diseases in children, we hoped to see whether there would be a change in Lp(a) in renal diseases other than nephrotic syndrome. Then, we figured out its implications, and looked for the factors that affect the Lp(a) concentrations. Methods : A total of 75 patients(34 patients with hematuria of unknown etiology, 10 with hematuria and hypercalciuria, 8 with IgA nephropathy, 8 with poststreptococcal glomerulone phritis, 3 with $Henoch-Sch\"{o}nlein$ nephritis, 7 with urinary tract infection, and 5 with or- thostatic proteinuria) were studied. The control group included 20 patients without renal and liver disease. Serum Lp(a), total protein, and albumin levels, 24-hour urine protein and calcium excretions, creatinine clearance and the number of RBCs and WBCs in the urinary sediment were evaluated. Data analysis was peformed using the Student t-test and a P-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results : LP(a) was not correlated with 24-hour urine calcium and creatinine. Lp(a) level had a positive correlation with proteinuria and negative correlation with serum albumin and serum protein. Among the common renal diseases in children, Lp(a) was elevated only in orthostatic proteinuria (P<0.05). Conclusion : Lp(a) is correlated with proteinuria, serum protein, and serum albumin, but not with any kind of specific renal disease. Afterward, Lp(a) needs to be assessed in patients with orthostatic proteinuria and its possible role as a prognostic factor could be confirmed.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.26 no.7
• /
• pp.764-771
• /
• 2016

Extracts from Artemisia annua Linné (AAE) have been known to possess various functions, including anti-bacterial, anti-virus, and anti-oxidant effects. However, the mechanism of those effects of AAE is not well-known. The aim of this study was to analyze the inhibitory effects of AAE on cell proliferation of the human hepatoma cell line (Hep3B) and to examine its effects on apoptosis. Activation by phosphorylation of Akt is cell proliferation through the phosphorylation of TSC2, mTOR, and GSK-3β. We suggested that AAE may exert cancer cell apoptosis through Akt/mTOR/GSK-3β signal pathways and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic proteins. For this, we examined the effects of extracts of AAE on cell proliferation according to treatment concentration. Treatment with AAE not only reduced cell viability, but also resulted in the induced release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). These results were determined with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Furthermore, we determined the effects of apoptosis through Hoechst 33342 staining, annexinⅤ-propidium iodide (PI) staining, 5,5′, 6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) staining, and Western blotting. Our study showed that the treatment of liver cancer cells with AAE resulted in the inhibition of Akt, TSC2, GSK-3β-phosphorylated, Bcl-2, and pro-caspase 3 and the activation of Bim, Bax, Bak, and cleaved PARP expressions. These results indicate that AAE induced apoptosis by means of a mitochondrial event through the regulate of Akt/mTOR/GSK-3β signaling pathways.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.45-52
• /
• 2007

Purpose : A simple, rapid, and highly sensitive analytical method for Gb3 in plasma was developed without labor-ex tensive pre-treatment by electrospray ionization MS/ MS (ESI-MS/MS). Measurement of globotriaosy lceramide (Gb3, ceramide trihex oside) in plasma has clinical importance for monitoring after enzyme replacement therapy in Fabry disease patients. The disease is an X-linked lipid storage disorder that results from a deficiency of the enzyme ${\alpha}$-galactosidase A (${\alpha}$-Gal A). The lack of ${\alpha}$-Gal A causes an intracellular accumulation of glycosphingolipids, mainly Gb3. Methods : Only simple 50-fold dilution of plasma is necessary for the extraction and isolation of Gb3 in plasma. Gb3 in diluted plasma was dissolved in dioxane containing C17:0 Gb3 as an internal standard. After centrifugation it was directly injected and analyzed through guard column by in combination with multiple reaction monitoring mode of ESI-MS/MS. Results : Eight isoforms of Gb3 were completely resolved from plasma matrix. C16:0 Gb3 occupied 50% of total Gb3 as a major component in plasma. Linear relationship for Gb3 isoforms w as found in the range of 0.001-1.0 ${\mu}g$/mL. The limit of detection (S/N=3) was 0.001 ${\mu}g$/mL and limit of quantification was 0.01 ${\mu}g$/mL for C16:0 Gb3 with acceptable precision and accuracy. Correlation coefficient of calibration curves for 8 Gb3 isoforms ranged from 0.9678 to 0.9982. Conclusion : This quantitative method developed could be useful for rapid and sensitive 1st line Fabry disease screening, monitoring and/or diagnostic tool for Fabry disease.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.336-343
• /
• 2000

Purpose: Thallous-201 chloride produced at Korea Cancer Center Hospital(KCCH) is used in detecting cardiovascular disease and cancer. Thallium impurity can cause emesis, catharsis and nausea, so the presence of thallium and other metal impurities should be determined. According to USP and KP, their amounts must be less than 2 ppm in thallium and 5 ppm in total. In this study, the detection method of trace amounts of metal impurities in $[^{201}Tl]$TICI injection with polarography was optimized without environmental contamination. Materials and Methods: For the detection of metal impurities, Osteryoung Square Wave Stripping Voltammetry method was used in Bio-Analytical System (BAS) 50W polarograph. The voltammetry was composed of Dropping Mercury Electrode (DME) as a working electrode, Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode and Pt wire as a counter electrode. Square wave stripping method, which makes use of formation and deformation of amalgam, was adopted to determine the metal impurities, and pH 7 phosphate buffer was used as supporting electrolyte. Results: Tl, Cu and Pb in thallous-201 chloride solution were detected by scanning from 300 mV to -800 mV Calibration curves were made by using $TINO_3,\;CuSO_4\;and\;Pb(NO_3){_2}$ as standard solutions. Tl was confirmed at -450 mV peak potential and Cu at -50 mV Less than 2 ppm of Tl and Cu was detected and Pb was not detected in KCCH-produced thallous-201 chloride injection. Conclusion: Detection limit of thallium and copper is approximately 50 ppb with this method. As a result of this experiment, thallium and other metal impurities in thallous-201 chloride injection, produced at Korea Cancer Center Hospital, are in the regulation of USP and KP Polarograph could be applied for the determination of metal impurities in the quality control of radiopharmaceuticals conveniently without environmental contamination.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.287-301
• /
• 2014

In order to understand environment condition and phytoplankton community before and after coastal upwelling, the influences of upwelling events on phytoplankton community were studied at 18 stations located the Southern part of East Sea, Korea from May to August 2013. The surface water masses showed low temperature and high salinity due to upwelling events at coastal stations (A1, B1, C1). Correlation between temperature and nutrients (DIP, r=-0.218, p<0.01; DIN, r=-0.306, p<0.01; silicate, r=-0.274, p<0.01) was significantly negative. This result could be explained that nutrients were supplied to surface water by the upwelling of bottom water. Phytoplankton communities were composed of 186 species. Phytoplankton abundance were relatively high in May (C1, $726{\times}10^3cells\;L^{-1}$) and July (A1, $539{\times}10^3cells\;L^{-1}$). Total chlorophyll a and micro-size fraction ($&gt;20{\mu}m$) increased at coastal stations in July and August, while phytoplankton abundance and total chl. a was much low in June. Dominant species in June was Pseudo-nitzschia spp. of which the cell size was $309{\mu}m^3$. Cell size of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. was smaller than dominant species in other period. Therefore, the increase in total chloro-phyll a and the size of phytoplankton was resulted in the sufficient supply of nutrients. In contrast, these tendencies were not observed at outside stations. These results suggested that coastal upwelling was an important influencing factor to determine the species composition and standing stock of phytoplankton community in the coastal waters of the Southern part of East Sea, Korea.