• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.88-92
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• 1995

The antioxidant activity of synthetic antioxidants, BHA, BHT and TBHQ and natural antioxidants, rosemary extract, sesamol, caffeic acid and pyrogallol In a skip jack oil were studied. A control and substrates containing synthetic(0.02%) and natural antioxidant (0.05%) were stored in an incubator kept at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 8 days. The antioxidant activity of synthetic and natural antioxidants was investigated by comparing peroxide values. The results of this study were as follows All the synthetic antioxidants used for this study exhibited antioxidant activity in skip jack oils. The antioxidant activity of TBHQ was greater than that of BHA and BHT. The rosemary extract did not show antioxidant activity in skip jack oils. The antioxidant activity of sesamol and caffeic acid were greater than those of BHA. Especially Pyrogallol exhibited very strong antioxidant activity, comparable to that of the TBHQ. The antioxidant activity of the sesamol, caffein acid and pyrogallol used skip lack oil, In decreasing order as follows : pyrogallol>caffeic acid> sesamol.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.302-306
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• 1997

One flavan 3-ol derivative was isolated from the stem of Acer mono Max, along with two known coumarins. On the basis of spectroscopic evidence, the structures of these compounds were established as (-) - epicatechin, scopoletin and isoscopoletin. Antioxidative activity of (-) - epicatechin was examined by the DPPH free radical scavenging method. Antioxidative activity of (-) - epicatechin $(RC_{50}\;:\;7.5\;{mu}g)$ was more greater than those of ${\alpha}-tocopherol\;(RC_{50}\;:\;12\;{mu}g)$ and $BHA\;(RC_{50}\;:\;14\;{mu}g)$.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 1987

To investigate the protective action of various antioxidants on the photooxidation of rice bran oil, it was irradiated with red and visible light in presence and absence antioxidants with or without sensitizer (methylene blue). 1. Rice bran oil with and without sensitizer in chloroform-ethanol (4:1, v/v) media was largely oxidized under visible light irradiation. on the other hand, rice bran oil without sensitizer was hardly oxidized under red light irradiation. 2. Rice bran oil with sensitizer was oxidized much faster than that without. And the absorbance of it irradiated with visible was increased more than that with red light. 3. The effectiveness of antioxidants on the rice bran oil photooxidation was same order as follows: Irradiation with visible light, no addition of sensitizer ${\beta}$-carotene > dl-{$\alpha}$-tocopherol > BHT > BHA Irradiation with visible light, addition of sensitizer ${\beta}$-carotene > BHT > dl-${\alpha}$tocopherol > BHA Irradiation with red light, addition of sensitizer ${\beta}$-carotene > BHA > BHT > dl-${\alpha}$-tocopherol From these results, we concluded that rice bran oil was largely oxidized under visible light irradiation, therefore it must be protected from photooxidative deterioration by the addition of antioxidants.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.126-129
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• 2004

To elucidate the effect of various natural antioxidants on the safflower oil, rosemary extract, green tea extract, isoflavon, Phaffia rhodozyma extract, tocopherol, sesamol, and BRA as a control were added to the safflower oil and stored at 60$^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks. During storage, its viscosity and antioxidative activity were determined. Viscosity of the oil increased with increasing storage period and was related with its antioxidative acvtivity. Antioxidative avtivity among antioxidants used in this study were in order of green tea extract>BHA>tocopherol>rosemary extract>isoflavon>sesamol>Phaffia rhodozyma extract. Green tea extract was the best in terms of antioxidative acvtivity. After 4 weeks, its peroxide value decreased up to 80.4％ of the control, and 42.1％ for acid value and 47.4％ for TBA value decreased.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.513-522
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• 2022

Due to the importance of accurate analysis of bearing capacity in civil engineering projects, this paper studies the efficiency of two novel metaheuristic-based models for this objective. To this end, black hole algorithm (BHA) and multi-verse optimizer (MVO) are synthesized with an artificial neural network (ANN) to build the proposed hybrid models. Based on the settlement of a two-layered soil (and a shallow footing) system, the stability values (SV) of 0 and 1 (indicating the stability and failure, respectively) are set as the targets. Each model predicted the SV for 901 stages. The results indicated that the BHA and MVO can increase the accuracy (i.e., the area under the receiving operating characteristic curve) of the ANN from 94.0% to 96.3 and 97.2% in analyzing the SV pattern. Moreover, the prediction accuracy rose from 93.1% to 94.4 and 95.0%. Also, a comparison between the ANN's error decreased by the BHA and MVO (7.92% vs. 18.08% in the training phase and 6.28% vs. 13.62% in the testing phase) showed that the MVO is a more efficient optimizer. Hence, the suggested MVO-ANN can be used as a reliable approach for the practical estimation of bearing capacity.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.65-91
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• 2024

The use of five optimization techniques for the prediction of a strength-based concrete mixture's best-fit model is examined in this work. Five optimization techniques are utilized for this purpose: Slime Mold Algorithm (SMA), Black Hole Algorithm (BHA), Multi-Verse Optimizer (MVO), Vortex Search (VS), and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). MATLAB employs a hybrid learning strategy to train an artificial neural network that combines least square estimation with backpropagation. Thus, 72 samples are utilized as training datasets and 31 as testing datasets, totaling 103. The multi-layer perceptron (MLP) is used to analyze all data, and results are verified by comparison. For training datasets in the best-fit models of SMA-MLP, BHA-MLP, MVO-MLP, VS-MLP, and WOA-MLP, the statistical indices of coefficient of determination (R²) in training phase are 0.9603, 0.9679, 0.9827, 0.9841 and 0.9770, and in testing phase are 0.9567, 0.9552, 0.9594, 0.9888 and 0.9695 respectively. In addition, the best-fit structures for training for SMA, BHA, MVO, VS, and WOA (all combined with multilayer perceptron, MLP) are achieved when the term population size was modified to 450, 500, 250, 150, and 500, respectively. Among all the suggested options, VS could offer a stronger prediction network for training MLP.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.417-440
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• 2024

Artificial neural networks (ANN) have been the focus of several studies when it comes to evaluating the pile's bearing capacity. Nonetheless, the principal drawbacks of employing this method are the sluggish rate of convergence and the constraints of ANN in locating global minima. The current work aimed to build four ANN-based prediction models enhanced with methods from the black hole algorithm (BHA), league championship algorithm (LCA), shuffled complex evolution (SCE), and symbiotic organisms search (SOS) to estimate the carrying capacity of piles in cold climates. To provide the crucial dataset required to build the model, fifty-eight concrete pile experiments were conducted. The pile geometrical properties, internal friction angle 𝛗 shaft, internal friction angle 𝛗 tip, pile length, pile area, and vertical effective stress were established as the network inputs, and the BHA, LCA, SCE, and SOS-based ANN models were set up to provide the pile bearing capacity as the output. Following a sensitivity analysis to determine the optimal BHA, LCA, SCE, and SOS parameters and a train and test procedure to determine the optimal network architecture or the number of hidden nodes, the best prediction approach was selected. The outcomes show a good agreement between the measured bearing capabilities and the pile bearing capacities forecasted by SCE-MLP. The testing dataset's respective mean square error and coefficient of determination, which are 0.91846 and 391.1539, indicate that using the SCE-MLP approach as a practical, efficient, and highly reliable technique to forecast the pile's bearing capacity is advantageous.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 1968

Salted and dried yellow corvenia(Pseudosciaena manchurica), so called 'Gul-bi', is one of nation-widely consuming fish foo::ls. It is suitable for a long term preservation and its pro-duce is also a great deal on sea food processing in this country. The texture of 'Gul-bi', however, have often appeared to be a delicate factor for the quality of the product. The loss or dislocation of fat in the tissue of the fish resulted by salting and drying is believed to profoundly relate to the texture of product. In this paper, the tissue of yellow corvenia and movement of fat were microscopically observed before salting, immediately after salting, and after drying and the results observed in the tissues dry salted, brine salted, and brine salted with the addition of BHA were compared. The cross section of yellow corvenia muscle showed that a distinctive border by connective tissue between white and red muscle could not be seen in general, and red muscle was surrounded by hypodermic fatty tissues. In the tissue of fresh yellow corvenia, the fat was mainly distributed in hypodermic fat layer which located under the corium while rarely distributed in white muscle. It was found that some parts of the fat in the tissue were permeated into intermuscular tissue passing through the connective tissues during salting. The result Was the same in both dry-salting and brine-salting tissue. However, the fat translocated into intermuscular tissues disappeared during drying process in the salted without BHA tissues whereas in BHA added tissue. This result suggested that BHA may take a role of multiple effect in translocation of fat in tissues as well as in retarding oxidation. In an advanced stage of salted and dehydration, the muscle fibers were ajoined together and then limits between muscle fibers already became indistinguishable. And the migrated fat into intermuscular tissue aggregated around the connective tissue and are apt to gradually to flow out from the muscular system through these tissues.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2005

The influence of different storage temperature and packaging methods on the flying cultured eel bone were investigated. The acid values, peroxide values and fatty acid composition were measured during storage 20$^{\circ}C\;and\;40^{\circ}C$ for 60 days. The lipid oxidation was rapidly progressed with the increased temperature. The addition of oxygen absorber remarkably repressed lipid oxidation during storage of the living cultured eel bone at $20^{\circ}C\;and\;40^{\circ}C$, followed by $N_{2},\;BHA,\;\alpha$-tocopherol and control. The monounsaturated fatty acid content was the highest in the frying cultured eel bone, followed by saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid. The major fatty acids were oleic acid, palmitic acid and linoleic acid. The saturated fatty acids increased with the rise of storage temperature and prolonging the storage period, while monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid were decreased. The changes of fatty acid composition were the lowest in sample by packing with oxygen absorber, followed by packing $N_{2},\;BHA,\;\alpha$-tocopherol and control. from the result of sensory evaluation, sample by packing with oxygen absorber were rated as higher quality than the others.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.468-479
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• 1989

The oxidative stability of the ramyon prepared with rapeseed oil fortified with antioxidants or blended with palm oil was studied to explore the possibility of substituting it for Imported frying fats and oils. Natural tocopherols, butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA), tertiarybutyl hydroquinone(TBHQ), and ascorbyl palmitate with citric acid were used at a level of 0.02 percent. Blended oils were prepared by adding a palm oil to the rapeseed oil at ratios of 7:3, 5:5, and 3:7(w/w), respectively. Ramyon samples were stored at $35.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$. for 90 days. The values of parameters, such as peroxide value, unsaturation ratio, and dielectric constant, of the extracted oils were regularly determined. An organoleptic test for the flavor of the samples was also performed. The oxidative stability of the samples was estimated on the basis of the changes of the parameter values. The effectiveness of the antioxidants was in the order of TBHQ ${\gg}$ ascorbyl palmitate with citric acid>BHA>natural tocopherols. The oxidative stability of the ramyon prepared with the rapeseed oil containing 0.02 percent TBHQ was almost as good as that of the ramyon prepared with the palm oil. The stability of the ramyon prepared with the blended oil containing 70 percent palm oil was also as good as that of the ramyon prepared with the palm oil.