• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.71-75
• /
• 2021

We analyzed the relationship between the main chemical properties (pH, total nitrogen content, total carbon content, and CN ratio) of sterilized medium and mushroom yields in 1 kg bag culture of Pleurotus ostreatus. The mushroom yields appeared to be highly correlated with the pH, total nitrogen content, and CN ratio, and were the highest under a total nitrogen content of 2.0-2.2% and a the CN ratio of 20-22.5. However, of the three parameters, total nitrogen content showed the highest correlation with the mushroom yield. The coefficient of determination(r2) between the total nitrogen content and the sum of the yield was 0.931, while that of the pH and CN ratio was relatively low. The nitrogen content of the medium was the most important factor in determining the yield of oyster mushrooms.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.12-19
• /
• 2011

Real-world accident cases were investigated to understand injury characteristics of the elderly driver. A total 10 cases of car-to-car frontal crash accidents from passenger car including SUV claimed to domestic car insurance company were reviewed. The injury characteristics of the elderly were analyzed from personal information (gender, age), medical treatment record (medical certificate, curative days), vehicle information (model, air-bag, seatbelt) and damage information. This study showed that elderly driver has higher possibility of thorax injury than non-elderly's. Moreover, Injury type and severity were more severe than non-elderly driver at similar type accident conditions. Also, elderly driver's medical treatment period needs 3 times more than non-elderly driver's.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.103-106
• /
• 2006

A 35-year-old Perubian who suffered from grand mal seizures died in the aircraft on his way from the United States to Hongkong via Incheon international airport of Korea. While performing the autopsy, 115 packs made with double layer of transparent film and black plastic bag containing cocaine were found in the ileum and large intestine. Among of them, 3 packs were ruptured. To determine the concentration of cocaine and its metabolites, blood, urine, bile, liver, spleen, heart, kidney, brain and gastric contents were taken and toxicological analysis was performed. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) following liquid-phase extraction using chloroform:isopropanol (=9:1) and derivatization with bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide (contains 1% trimethylchlorosilane) was performed. High levels of cocaine, benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methylester (EME) were found in the postmortem blood (0.96, 3.09 and $5.59{\mu}g/mL$) and urine (32.85, 145.35 and $53.17{\mu}g/mL$), respectively. Cocaine and its metabolites were also detected in all other biological specimen.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.88-95
• /
• 2021

This study was carried out to breed new variety of Pleurotus nebrodensis. We have collected and tested characteristics of genetic resources from domestic and abroad since 2015. The varieties of P. nebrodensis from China are grown by farmers, but those have been unstable fruiting and are weak against bacterial diseases. To solve this problem, we bred the unique domestic variety 'Uram' of P. nebrodensis and the results of the characteristic test for the new 'Uram' are as follows. The proper temperature for the mycelial growth was 26~29℃ and fruit body growth temperature was 15~18℃. It was similar to the control variety KME65035 of P. nebrodensis in the pileus form of a flat and white color. The number of days required for initial fruting was 5 days for bottle cultivation and 6 days for bag cultivation which was 2-4 days shorter than that of the control variety. The pileus diameter was 32.6-37.0 mm which was smaller but the fruit body length was 130.4 mm, which was longer than those of the control variety. The effective number of fruit bodies was 1.8 in bottle cultivation and 2.9 in bag cultivation, which was more than those of the control variety. The yield rate was 93.3-100%, which was more stable than those of the control variety. In bottle cultivation and bag cultivation, the yield was 173.1 g/bottle (1100 cc) and 283.4 g/bag (1.2 kg), respectively, which was 25-44% higher than those of the control variety 138.0 g/bottle (1100 cc) and 197.4 g bag (1.2 kg). When incubating the parent and control varieties of 'Uram', the replacement line was clear and as a result of mycelial DNA RAPD-PCR reaction, the band pattern was different from that of the parent and control varieties, confirming the hybrid species.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.172-179
• /
• 2023

Purpose: Out-of-hospital traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) often has a poor prognosis despite rescue efforts. Although the incidence and mortality of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest have increased, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has decreased in some countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the prehospital setting, immediate treatment of cardiac arrest is required without knowing the patient's COVID-19 status. Because COVID-19 is usually transmitted through the respiratory tract, airway management can put medical personnel at risk for infection. This study explored whether on-scene treatments involving CPR for TCA patients changed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea. Methods: This retrospective study used data from emergency medical services (EMS) run sheets in Gangwon Province from January 2019 to December 2021. Patients whose initial problem was cardiac arrest and who received CPR were included. Data in 2019 were classified as pre-COVID-19 and all subsequent data (from 2020 and 2021) as post-COVID-19. Age, sex, possible cause of cardiac arrest, and treatments including airway maneuvers, oropharyngeal airway (OPA) or i-gel insertion, endotracheal intubation (ETI), bag-valve mask (BVM) ventilation, intravenous (IV) line establishment, neck collar application, and wound dressing with hemostasis were investigated. Results: During the study period, 2,007 patients received CPR, of whom 596 patients had TCA and 367 had disease-origin cardiac arrest (DCA). Among the patients with TCA, 192 (32.2%) were pre-COVID-19 and 404 (67.8%) were post-COVID-19. In the TCA group, prehospital treatments did not decrease. The average frequencies were 59.7% for airway maneuvers, 47.5% for OPA, 57.4% for BVM, and 51.3% for neck collar application. The rates of ETI, i-gel insertion, and IV-line establishment increased. The treatment rate for TCA was significantly higher than that for DCA. Conclusions: Prehospital treatments by EMS workers for patients with TCA did not decrease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Instead, the rates of ETI, i-gel insertion, and IV-line establishment increased.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.265-276
• /
• 1997

This study was investigated the herbage productivity and nutrient contents of corn (Suweon 19 and Kwanganok) and sweet sorghum (Ramiki sorgo and Silage sorgo) at the stage of maturity (10-DBS, silking, milky and dough stages) to identify the utility value of sweet sorghum as a substituting crop for corn. The silage materials (dough stage) were chopped and were storaged for 90 days in polyethlene bag with O.lmm thickness. Chemical composition, nitrogen content and in vitm dry matter digestibility were evaluated. Also, daily intake and palatability were checked in the feeding trial with four male sheep in average weight about 57kg. Both fresh and dry matter yield of corn and sweet sorghum were increased as the maturity processed (P< 0.05), and sweet sorghum showed higher total yield potential than corn. Crude protein content of the cultivars was decreased as the maturity was processed (P< 0.05). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of the cultivars, in general, showed highest at silking stage, followed by 10 days before silking (10-DBS), and milky and dough stages (Pi0.05) in order. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) content was increased as the maturity processed, and it showed the highest value at milk stage. However, the contents of ADF in sorghum plant was decreased during the late maturity. Crude protein content of the silage was not significantly different among cultivars used, while NDF content was highest in Ramiki sorgo, followed by Silage sorgo, Kwanganok and Suweon 19. In v i m DM digestibility of the silage was highest in Kwanganok, followed by Suweon 19, Silage sorgo and Ramiki sorgo. Total N content of the silage was highest in Ramiki sorgo, followed by Suweon 19, Silage sorgo and Kwanganok. DM intake of the silage was highest in Ramiki sorgo, followed by Suweon 19, Silage sorgo and Kwanganok and it was closely related to the palatability value.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.7-10
• /
• 2013

A packaging system integrated in primary and secondary packages to deliver consumers fresh peach in the produce supply chain was designed and its effectiveness on quality preservation was tested. The master packaging system was designed to contain 6 individual polypropylene film (PP, $30{\mu}m$ thickness) packages of 300 g peach fruit inside $35{\mu}m$ thick low density polyethylene (LDPE) bag located in a corrugated paperboard box. As a variable to attain the desired package atmosphere around the fruit during cold storage and subsequent retail display at higher temperature, different numbers (1, 3 and 7) of microperforations in $59{\mu}m$ diameter were tested on the individual PP packages. As control treatment, six fruits were placed without wrapping in a corrugated paperboard box. During the storage at $5^{\circ}C$, the control and individual packages were periodically separated from the box or master package, moved to the simulated retail shelf conditions of $20^{\circ}C$ and then stored for 3 more days with package atmosphere and fruit quality being measured. The package with 7 microperforations was the best in the ability to attain beneficial MA of 6~10% $O_2$ and 11~19% $CO_2$ around the fruit during the chilled storage at $5^{\circ}C$ and simulated retail display at $20^{\circ}C$. Packages with smaller number of microperforations resulted in anaerobic atmosphere at the low temperature storage and/or the subsequent high temperature display. Compared to control, all the treatments with master packaging system gave better retention of fruit firmness with significantly less weight loss.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.529-541
• /
• 1996

During the period of December 1992 (winter-spring) and from February 1995 (winter-spring), the leaf processing rates of oak (Quercus serrata) and tulip (Liriodendron tulipifera) tree was investigated in the headwater streams in southeastern part of Korea in conjunction with the distribution pattern of macroinvertebrate fauna. Using two types of bags ($10\times30cm$ with 5 g of dry leaves; open bag with holes, closed bag without holes), decomposition rates of oak and tulip tree by shredder and/or microbiota at a reatively undisturbed 2nd-order stream were compared, Regardless of leaf type, leaves in the open bage decomposed slightly faster than those in the closed bags. In the 1992 experiment, osk leaves decomposed much slower than tulip leaves (after 138 degree days, osk : closed, 0.006% loss/day ; open, 0.008 ; tulip: closed, 0.021 ; open, 0.023; n=2). The of the first experiment using oak leaves in 1995 were similar to those of the first experiment (after 151 degree days, oak: closed, 0.005% loss / day; open, 0.006; n=6). Over 50% of invertebrates from 122 leaf pack samples collected from 12 streams during the winter period of 1994 were identified as shredders (shredder, 56.2; collector, 32.7; scraper, 8.65; predator, 2.45%). Among shredders, Gammarus sp. and Tipula sp. were dominant species in terms of number and biomass (8.2 ind./g, 1.0 ind./g AFDW of leaves). Among many physico-chemical parameters, the width of stream channel was found to be the most influential factor in the distribution of Gammarus and Tipula (Gammarus: r=-0.34, P<0.001;Tipula:r=0.40, P<0.001). Considering the fact that oak is one the dominant riparian vegetation in the southeastern part of korea, the patterns of oak processing and shredder distribution shown in theis study may well represent some of the important characteristics of headwater steams in southeastern Korea.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.10-19
• /
• 2014

Despite the movement of safe traffic by the Korean government to reduce deaths in traffic accidents, the casualties increase year by year. In particular, more and more accidents and casualties are reported from car collisions from the back of the vehicles parked for managing traffic accidents on the road, cleaning main roads and medial strips, repairing roads. In order to response to these accidents, the government should take protective measures for road users. In the last decade, seventy-one cases have been reported to occur during highway repair and maintenance. As a result, eight persons were killed and seventy-six were injured, showing the high death rate of 11.3 percent. Therefore, it seems urgent to take some actions against it. The United States and European countries legislate that vehicles of road repair and maintenance should be mandatorily equipped with shock absorber at the back. Korea, however, does not have such legislative measures, which are needed at this time to protect workers on the road. This study compares the performance of the traditional shock absorber for road maintenance vehicles with that of the rear safety guard using air bag, manufactured in accordance with related laws in Korea. Based on the results of the 60km/h rear collision test, this paper proposes improvements in related laws and regulations in an attempt to reduce casualties.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.19-28
• /
• 1998

For cultivation on sawdust-bed of oak-mushroom until present time, inoculation of spawn on sawdust bed has been performed by sawdust spawn. But, liquid spawn may have advantages for rapid mass production of spawn, and now, sawdust-cultivation by liquid spawn inoculation should be applied instead of sawdust spawn. Therefore, investigations were performed to evaluate the effect of sawdust-cultivation by liquid spawn inoculation. The results were as follows: 1. When 11 kinds of liquid media were applied, the oak-mushroom culture medium was the most excellent in growth. Most suitable temperature at PDA was $25^{\circ}C$, and $22.5\sim27.5^{\circ}C$ in range were optimal for liquid culture. In liquid culture, amount of mycelial growth increases rapidly up to 40 days of cultivation. Incubation at fermentor brought yield of 106mg dry mycelia per 40ml media after 17 days. 2. In 1l-spawn bottle, growth of mycelium by inoculation of 20ml-liquid spawns were faster than 6g-sawdust spawn in spread of mycelia. On 2kg-bag culture, inoculations of 10ml-, 20ml- and 30ml-liquid spawns were all slower than 20g-sawdust spawn in mycelial spread. So, amount increasement in ampunt of liquid spawn should be discussed. Yields of mushrooms until third sproutings of 2kg-bag culture were 580g in 30ml-liquid spawn inoculation, but 510g, 486g and 470g from 20g-sawdust spawn, 20ml-liquid spawn and 10ml-liquid spawn, respectively. Thus, 30ml-liquid spawn inoculation was highest in yield.