• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.1558-1564
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• 2018

Objective: We report monitoring conservation effect for a Chinese indigenous chicken (Langshan) breed using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and DNA barcords. Methods: The full length of MHC B-G gene and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene in generations 0, 5, 10, 15, 16, and 17 was measured using re-sequencing and sequencing procedures, respectively. Results: There were 292 single nucleotide polymorphisms of MHC B-G gene identified in six generations. Heterozygosity (He) and polymorphic information content (PIC) of MHC B-G gene in generations 10, 15, 16, and 17 remained stable. He and PIC of MHC B-G gene were different in six generations, with G10, G15, G16, G17 >G5>G0 (p<0.05). For the COI gene, there were five haplotypes in generations 0, 5, 10, 15, 16, and 17. Where Hap2 and Hap4 were the shared haplotypes, 164 individuals shared Hap2 haplotypes, while Hap1 and Hap3 were the shared haplotypes in generations 0 and 5 and Hap5 was a shared haplotype in generations 10, 15, 16, and 17. The sequence of COI gene in 6 generations was tested by Tajima's and D value, and the results were not significant, which were consistent with neutral mutation. There were no differences in generations 10, 15, 16, and 17for measured phenotypic traits. In other generations, for annual egg production, with G5, G10, G15, G16, G17>G0 (p<0.05). For age at the first egg and age at sexual maturity, with G10, G15, G16, G17>G5>G0 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Combined with the results of COI gene DNA barcodes, MHC B-G gene, and phenotypic traits we can see that genetic diversity remained stable from generations 10 to 17 and the equimultiple random matching pedigrees conservation population conservation effect of Langshan chicken was effective as measured by these criteria.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.156-163
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• 2022

Background: This study attempted to apply resin infiltrant (RI) as a method to maintain the effect of tooth bleaching treatment and compared it with fluoride varnish (FV) or artificial saliva to evaluate the effect. Methods: Sixty healthy lozenge specimens were classified into five groups. Group 1 was the negative control group, and discoloration was induced after artificial saliva treatment of the tooth specimen (G1_S+C). Group 2 was a positive control group, in which pigmentation was induced after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment (G2 _B+S+C). Coloration was induced in group 3 (experimental group 1) after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment, followed by application of fluorine varnish (G3_B+FV+S+C). Coloration was induced in Group 4 (experimental group 2) after applying RI after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment (G4_B+RI+S+C). Pigmentation was induced in group 5 (experimental group 3) after bleaching treatment and artificial saliva treatment, followed by acid treatment (etching) and treatment with RI (G5_B+E+RI+S+C). Coffee and wine were used to induce discoloration. The lightness value (L^*) of the CIE L^*a^*b^* color system was obtained by image analysis. Kruskal-Wallis H analysis was performed for the mean difference in L^* values by group. Results: When coloration was induced with coffee, there was no significant difference in L^* value between artificial saliva (G2 _B+S+C), FV (G3_B+FV+S+C), and RI (G4_B+RI+S+C, G5_B+E+RI+S+C) groups. There was no significant difference in L^* values between the artificial saliva (G2 _B+S+C), FV (G3_B+FV+S+C), and RI (G4_B+RI+S+C, G5_B+E+RI+S+C) groups, even in the case of wine induced coloration. Conclusion: It was confirmed that artificial saliva or RI treatment had similar effects to the FV previously used to maintain the effect of tooth bleaching treatment.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.19-36
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• 2004

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Bee Venom and Melittin Solution on the lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and sodium nitroprusside(SNP)-induced expression of prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$, cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B($NF-{\kappa}B$) and nuclear factor kappa B($NF-{\kappa}B$) dependent luciferase activity in RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. Methods : The expression of PGE2 was determined by determination of $PEG_2$, COX-2 was by western blotting with corresponding antibodies, $NF-{\kappa}B$ was by gel mobility shift assay method and $NF-{\kappa}B$ dependent luciferase activity was investigated by luciferase assay in RAW 264.7 cells. Results : 1. LPS and SNP-induced expression of $PEG_2$ was significant after 24hour. 2. The 0.5, 1 and $5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom and the 5 and $10{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin solution inhibited significantly LPS-induced expression of $PEG_2$ and, the $5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom and the 5 and $10{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin solution inhibited significantly SNP-induced expression of $PEG_2$ compared with control, respectively. The 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom could not significantly inhibit SNP-induced expression of $PEG_2$ compared with control. 3. The $5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom and the 5 and $10{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin solution inhibited significantly LPS and SNP-induced expression of COX-2 compared with control, respectively. The 0.5 and $1{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom inclined to decrease LPS and SNP-induced expression of COX-2 compared with control. 4. The 0.5, 1 and $5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom and the 5 and $10{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin solution inhibited significantly LPS and SNP-induced expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ compared with control, respectively. 5. The 0.5, 1 and $5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom and the 5 and $10{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin solution inhibited significantly LPS-induced expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ dependent luciferase activity and the 1 and $5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom and the 5 and $10{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin solution inhibited significantly SNP-induced expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ dependent luciferase activity compared with control, respectively. The $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor also inhibited significantly LPS and SNP-induced expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ dependent luciferase activity compared with control. 6. The 0.5, 1 and $5{\mu}g/mL$ of bee venom and the 5 and $10{\mu}g/mL$ of melittin solution inhibited significantly LPS + IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$ and LPS + TNF-${\alpha}$-induced expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ dependent luciferase activity compared with control, respectively. The $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor also inhibited significantly LPS and SNP-induced expression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ dependent luciferase activity compared with control. Conclusions : These results suggest the inhibitory action of bee venom and melittin solution on the inflammatory mediators such as $PEG_2$, COX-2 and $NF-{\kappa}B$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.94-102
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• 2012

There is a limitation to estimate vitamin $B_{12}$ intake due to a lack of data on vitamin $B_{12}$ content in many Korean foods. In this study, vitamin $B_{12}$ content was determined in some seaweeds, fish, and shellfish and their product that are consumed in Korea using a modified microbioassay with Lactobacillus delbruecki ATCC 7830. Dried laver and dried seasoned and toasted laver contained very high levels of vitamin $B_{12}$ (66.8 and $55.2-71.3\;{\mu}g$/100 g, respectively. Sea lettuce and seaweed fulvescene also contained high vitamin $B_{12}$ content of 5.47-9.41 and $6.46-7.20\;{\mu}g$/100 g, respectively, whereas sea mustard and sea tangle contained low levels of vitamin $B_{12}$; vitamin $B_{12}$ was not detected in seaweed fusifome. Pacific saury, trout, sea-bass, or squid contained 12.01, 2.00, 0.49 and $2.33\;{\mu}g$ vitamin $B_{12}$/100 g, respectively. Ochellatus octopus, and naked sand lance contained 0.72-1.43 and $3.68\;{\mu}g$ vitamin $B_{12}$/100 g, respectively. Dried Alaska pollack con-tained $0.19-2.64\;{\mu}g$ vitamin $B_{12}$/100 g. Shellfish such as little neck clam and small ark shellfish contained high levels of vitamin $B_{12}$ of $30.5-40.5\;{\mu}g$/100 g, and mussel and abalone contained 17.71 and $7.82\;{\mu}g$/100 g, respectively. Of unique Korean traditional fermented seafood products, salt-fermented products of squid ($2.91\;{\mu}g$/100 g), clams ($34.31\;{\mu}g$/100 g), Ala-ska pollack roe ($9.98-12.02\;{\mu}g$/100 g), hairtail guts ($4.58\;{\mu}g$/100 g) or small shrimp ($0.58-1.55\;{\mu}g$/100 g), and fish sauce from anchovies ($1.52-1.78\;{\mu}g$/100 mL), sand eel ($0.22-0.24\;{\mu}g$/100 mL) or small shrimp ($0.19-0.78\;{\mu}g$/100 mL) were analyzed. A few commercial brands of flying fish roe ($0.73-1.73\;{\mu}g$/100 g), canned tuna ($0.40\;{\mu}g$/100 g), and fried fish paste ($0.25-0.69\;{\mu}g$/100 g) were also analyzed. In conclusion, vitamin $B_{12}$ content in these foods, chosen considering the Korean food culture, should contribute to improve the present vitamin $B_{12}$ food database. It may be helpful to estimate vitamin $B_{12}$ intake more correctly than before, and provide additional information for dietary education related to vitamin $B_{12}$ and meal management.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.123-136
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• 1996

To investigate the effect of aflatoxin $B_1$, on survival rate and ultrastructure of liver during chick embryogenesis electron microscopic methods were used. After injection of aflatoxin $B_1$ into the yolk, ultrastructural changes in the liver of chicken embryo were observed. The results were as followed. 1. 12-day old chicken embryos were treated with single injection of aflatoxin $B_1$ with the dose of $0.0005{\mu}g,\;0.005{\mu}g,\;0.05{\mu}g,\;0.5{\mu}g,\;2.5{\mu}g,\;5.0{\mu}g$ each. Chicken embryos treated with the dose of $0.5{\mu}g$ of aflatoxin $B_1$ had survival rate of 22%. The embryos treated with $2.5{\mu}g$ of aflatoxin $B_1$ hardly survived. 2. Chicken embryos treated with $0.05{\mu}g$ of afatoxin $B_1$ had hatched in 30%, but once hatched, they all survived. 3. After administration of $0.05{\mu}g$ of aflatoxin $B_1$ into the 12-day old chicken embryo, the electron microscopic studies were examined during development stages. The nuclei of hapatocytes became irregularly shaped and the structures of endoplasmic reticulum were changed to spherical types at 20-day old chicken embryo. Also, mitochondria became to be dilated and severe fibrosis was induced in the cytoplasm. However, the hepatocytes became almost normal in 30-day old young chicken.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 1998

A postcolumn derivatization method was tried for the simultaneous determination of four major aflatoxins ($B_1,\;B_2,\;G_1,\;and\;G_2$) by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. As compared with a previous precolumn derivatization method, it was found that the postcolumn derivatization combined with an electrochemical cell (Kobra cell) was less time-consuming, safer, improved the sensitivity and selectivity, and provided good recoveries for aflatoxin $B_1$ (88.9%) and $G_1$ (100.5%). This method showed linearity from 10~100 ppb for aflatoxin $B_1\;and\;G_1$, and from 3~30 ppb for aflatoxin $B_2\;and\;G_2$. However, aflatoxin Bz and Gz were not detected satisfactorily although they showed good resolution.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 1997

Studies on the glucose isomerase produced by alkalophilic Streptomyces sp. B-2. Glucose Isomerase (E. C. 5.3.1.5) which reversibly catalyzes reaction between D-glucose and D-fructose was demonstrated in cell free extracts of alkalophilic Streptomyces sp. B-2 isolated form soil. The maximum enzyme activity was found at glucose concentration 4(g/$\ell$) , xylose concentration 6(g/$\ell$), magnesium ion 1.0(g/$\ell$), yeast extract concentration 2.0(g/$\ell$), peptone concentration 3(g/$\ell$).

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.1037-1040
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• 1999

Magnetic characteristics of some anisotropic mischmetal- FeB- (Co,Ti,Al) permanent magnets have been investigated. The magnets were fabricated by using hot-pressed and die-upsetting. Hot-pressed $\textrm{(MM)}_{12.5}\textrm{Fe}_{71.9}\textrm{Co}_{5.0}\textrm{Al}_{2.0}\textrm{B}_{8.6}$ permanent magnet showed $\textrm{H}_{c}$=4.27 kOe, $\textrm{B}_{r}$=4.75 kG, $\textrm{(BH)}_{max}$=3.82 MGOe, and die- upset magnet showed $\textrm{H}_{c}$=3.10 kOe, $\textrm{B}_{r}$=5.58 kG, $\textrm{(BH)}_{max}$=5.34 MGOe, respectively. Hot-pressed $\textrm{(MM)}_{12.5}\textrm{Fe}_{77.9}\textrm{Ti}_{1.0}\textrm{B}_{8.6}$ permanent magnet showed $\textrm{H}_{c}$=3.75 kOe, $\textrm{B}_{r}$=4.64 kG, $\textrm{(BH)}_{max}$=2.78 MGOe, and die- upset magnet showed $\textrm{H}_{c}$=3.29 kOe, $\textrm{B}_{r}$=5.01 kG, $\textrm{(BH)}_{max}$=3.54 MGOe, respectively. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the higher energy products in the die-upset magnets results from alignment of the c-axis along the die-upsetting direction. The magnetic anisotropy in hot-pressed MM-FeB- Al magnet is increased by the substitution of Co for Fe.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.205-209
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• 2006

The structures of flavonoids, 2(S)-5,7-dihydroxy-8,2'-dimethoxyflavanone (1), wogonin (2), 2(S)-5,7, 2'-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavanone (3), and 2(S)-5,2',5'-trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavanone (4), isolated from Scutellaria indica were revised on the basis of 2D NMR spectroscopy, including to gCOSY, gHSQC, and gHMBC. Compounds 1-4 were tested in vitro protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity. Compounds 2 and 4 exhibited weak PTP1B inhibitory activity with $IC_{50}$ values of 208 and $337{\mu}M$, respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.477-488
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• 2020

Recently, foodborne illness outbreaks linked to fresh produce are being increasingly reported in the United States, the EU, and Korea as well. Some of this increase may be due to improved surveillance, increase in consumption, change in consumers' habits, and complex distribution systems. Garlic chive is a green, fresh-cut vegetable consumed year-round as a nutrition-rich herb in Korea. It is also prone to contamination with foodborne pathogens during pre-harvest, as amendment with high amounts of livestock manure or compost to soil is required in its cultivation. Our aim in this study was to evaluate microbial contamination of garlic chives, garlic chives cultivation soil, compost, and irrigation water in the southern part of Korea. Samples were collected in A, B, and C regions in 2019 and 2020, and 69, 72, 27, and 40 of garlic chives, soil, compost, and irrigated water, respectively, were analyzed for the presence of sanitary indicator bacteria (total aerobic bacteria, coliforms and Escherichia coli), Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, pathogenic E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp. In A, B, and C regions, levels of total aerobic bacteria, coliform, B. cereus, and S. aureus on all samples were between 1.14 and 8.83 log CFU/g, 0.43 and 5.01 log CFU/g, 0.41 and 5.55 log CFU/g, and 1.81 and 6.27 log CFU/g, respectively. B. cereus isolated from garlic chives and environmental samples showed β-hemolysis activity. Incidence of S. aureus in garlic chive and its production environments in 2020 was different from 2019. In this study, B. cereus and S. aureus were the only pathogenic microorganisms detected in all samples. As a result, this work suggests that continuous monitoring in the production and pre-harvest environment is required to improve hthe hygiene and safety of garlic chive.