• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 1979

In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate of the waste wood of Cortinellus edodes was investigated using crude cellulase preparation of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374. The crude cellulase was produced by the submerged culture process and produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfate. Reducing sugar was determined by the dinitrosalisylic acid (DNS) method. 1. The chemical composition of the waste wood was crude protein 2.26%, c. fat 2.57%, c. fibre 44.60%, c. ash 5.58% and lignin 13.62%. In amino acid composition, no cystine and methionine was showed, but trace amount of Vitamin A, $B_1$, and $B_2$, niacine and chloride were detected. (Table 1) 2. As heat treatment of the substrate was found to produce the highest reducing sugar yield being reacted for 48hr. with T.v cellulase, the substrate was heated to $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. either before or immediately after milling. 3. The substrate heated and ball milled at $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. the reducing sugar yield reached to 11.5%. 4. The substrate without any treatment was found to produce the highest reducing sugar yield being reacted 72hr. with T. v cellulase, the reducing sugar yield reached to 10.1%. 5. The rate of reducing sugar per each treated substrate was decreased by the order of the substrated, heated and then ball milled at $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. (11.5%)> without any treatment (10.1)> ball milled and heated at $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. (6.9%). 6. Saccharification of waste wood has been shown to be possible by heat treated and milling the substrate in contact with cellulase. And it is likely to be recommended that the waste wood may be valuable for raw materials of saccharification.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.994-1002
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• 2009

A bacteriocin-producing bacterium identified as Bacillus licheniformis was isolated from soybean sauce. Antibacterial activity was confirmed by paper disc diffusion method, using Micrococcus luteus as a test organism. The bacteriocin also showed antibacterial activities against Bacillus sphaericus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus planiarum, Paenibacillus polymyxa, and Pediococcus dextrinicus. Optimal culture conditions for the production of bacteriocin was attained by growing the cells in an MRS medium at a pH of 6.5~ 7.0 and a temperature of 37$^\circ$C for 36$\sim$48 hr. Solvents such as chloroform, ethanol, acetone, and acetonitrile had little effect on bacteriocin activity. However, about 50% of bacteriocin activity diminished with treatment of methanol and isopropanol at the final concentration of 50% at 25$^\circ$C for 1 hr. It was stable against a pH variation range from 3.0 and 7.0, but the activity reduced to 50% at a pH range from 9.0 to 11.0. It's activity was not affected by heat treatment at 100$^\circ$C for 30 min and 50% of activity was retained after heat treatment at 100$^\circ$C for 60 min, showing high thermostability. The bacteriocin was purified to a homogeneity through ammonium sulfate precipitation, SP-Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The entire purification protocol led to a 75-fold increase in specific activity and a 13.5% yield of bacteriocin activity. The molecular weight of purified bacteriocin was estimated to be about 2.5 kDa by tricine-SDS-PAGE.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1354-1360
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to develop a simple, environmentally friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) without the use of chemical reducing agents by exploiting the extracellular synthesis of SNPs in a culture supernatant of Bacillus thuringiensis CH3. Addition of 5 mM $AgNO_3$ to the culture supernatant at a ratio of 1:1 caused a change in the maximum absorbance at 418 nm corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance of the SNPs. Synthesis of SNPs occurred within 8 hr and reached a maximum at 40-48 hr. The structural characteristics of the synthesized SNPs were investigated by various instrumental analysis. FESEM observations showed the formation of well-dispersed spherical SNPs, and the presence of silver was confirmed by EDS analysis. The X-ray diffraction spectrum indicated that the SNPs had a face-centered cubic crystal lattice. The average SNP size, calculated using DLS, was about 51.3 nm and ranged from 19 to 110 nm. The synthesized SNPs exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against a variety of pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed against C. albicans, a human pathogenic yeast. The FESEM observations determined that the antimicrobial activity of the SNPs was due to destruction of the cell surface, cytoplasmic leakage, and finally cell lysis. This study suggests that B. thuringiensis CH3 is a potential candidate for efficient synthesis of SNPs, and that these SNPs have potential uses in a variety of pharmaceutical applications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2001

Background and Objectives : Nitric oxide(NO) is a short-lived molecule with messenger and cytotoxic functions in nervous, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Among the three distinct NOS isoforms, the neuronal isoform is expressed in small, discrete neuronal populations of CNS and PNS. Axonal injury in adult animals results in a dramatic NOS up-regulation in many types of central and peripheral neurons which normally lack the enzyme or express it only at very low levels. In previous study, we confirmed the efficacy of PEMS on the early functional recovery in rats with surgically transected and reanastomosed recurrent laryngeal nerve. Therefore, after we obtained functionally recovered rats using PEMS in this study, we studied to evaluate the expression of nNOS through the analysis of the difference between functional recovery group and non-recovery group in the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Materials and Method : Using 84 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, transections and primary anastomosis were performed on their left recurrent laryngeal nerves. Rats were then randomly assigned to 2 groups. The rats in group A(n=42) received PEMS by placing them in custom cages equipped with Helm-holz coils(3 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 12 wk). The rats in group B(n=42) were handled the same way as the group A, except that they did not receive PEMS. Laryngovideoendoscopy was performed before and after surgery and followed up weekly. Laryngeal EMG was obtained in both PCA and TA muscles. Immunohistochemisty staining using monoclonal anti-neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS) antibody was performed to detect nNOS in recurrent laryngeal nerve and nodose ganglion. Results : 20 rats(63%) in group A and 5 rats(17%) in the group B showed recovery of vocal fo1d motion. The number of NOS-positive cells was increased in functionally-recovered rats. NOS-staining intensity was reduced 12 weeks after nerve injury. The difference between PEMS group and non-stimulated group was not found. Conclusion : This study shows that nNOS may exert a beneficial effect on nerve regeneration and functional repair.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.181-191
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• 2008

RAS guanyl-releasing protein 3 (RasGRP3), a member of the Ras subfamily of GTPases, functions as a guanosine triphosphate (GTP)/guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-regulated switch that cycles between inactive GDP- and active GTP-bound states during signal transduction. Various growth factors enhance hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) proliferation via activation of the Ras/Raf-1/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, which depends on RasGRP3 activation. We investigated the relationship between polymorphisms in RasGRP3 and progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected HCC in a Korean population. Nineteen RasGRP3 SNPs were genotyped in 206 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and 86 patients with HCC. Our results revealed that the T allele of the rs7597095 SNP and the C allele of the rs7592762 SNP increased susceptibility to HCC (OR=1.55, p=0.04 and OR=1.81${\sim}$2.61, p=0.01${\sim}$0.03, respectively). Moreover, patients who possessed the haplotype (ht) 1 (A-T-C-G) or diplotype (dt) 1 (ht1/ht1) variations had increased susceptibility to HCC (OR=1.79${\sim}$2.78, p=0.01${\sim}$0.03). In addition, we identified an association between haplotype1 (ht1) and the age of HCC onset; the age of HCC onset are earlier in ht1 +/+ than ht1 +/- or ht1 -/- (HR=0.42${\sim}$0.66, p=0.006${\sim}$0.015). Thus, our data suggest that RasGRP3 SNPs are significantly associated with an increased risk of developing HCC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2000

To investigate the practical assessing method of pork quality, 302 carcasses were selected randomly to represent commercial conditions and were probed at 24 hr postmortem (PM) by Danish Meat Quality Marbling (MQM), Hennessy Grading Probe (HGP), Sensoptic Resistance Probe (SRP) and NWK pH-K21 meter (NpH). Also, filter paper wetness (FPW), lightness (L*), ultimate pH (pHu), subjective color (SC), firmness/wetness (SF) and marbling scores (SM) were recorded. Each carcass was categorized as either PSE (pale, soft and exudative), RSE (Reddish-pink, soft and exudative), RFN (reddish-pink, firm and non-exudative) or DFD (dark, firm and dry). When discriminant analysis was used to sort carcasses into four quality groups the highest proportion of correct classes was 65% by HGP, 60% by MQM, 52% by NpH and 32% by SRP. When independent variables were combined to sort carcasses into groups the success was only 67%. When RSE and RFN groups were merged so that there were only three groups (PSE, RSE+RFN, DFD) differentiating by color MQM was able to sort the same set of data into the new set of three groups with 80% accuracy. The proportions of correct classifications for HGP, NpH and SRP were 75%, 61% and 35% respectively. There was a decline in predication accuracy when only two groups, exudative (PSE and RES) and non exudative (RFN and DFD) were sorted. However, when two groups designated PSE and non-PSE (RSE, RFN and DFD) were sorted then the proportion of correct classification by MQM, HGP, SRP and NpH were 87%, 81%, 71% and 66% respectively. Combinations of variables only increased the prediction accuracy by 1 or 2% over prediction by MQM alone. When the data was sorted into three marbling groups based on SM this was not well predicted by any of the probe measurements. The best prediction accuracy was 72% by a combination of MQM and NpH.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.361-369
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• 2015

The precise mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy of an extraction powder of Angelica gigas (AGE) for the treatment of degenerative osteoarthritis was investigated in primary cultured rabbit chondrocytes and in a monosodium-iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rat model. The treatment with AGE (50 μg/mL) effectively inhibited NF-B activation. The anti-inflammatory mechanism was clarified by gelatin zymography and western blotting measurements of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activities. The AGE (50 μg/mL) treatment significantly reduced MMP-9 activity. The constituents of AGE— decursinol, decursin, and decursinol angelate—were determined by LC-MS/MS after a 24 hr treatment of rabbit chondrocytes. The contents of the major products, decursin and decursinol angelate, were 3.62±0.47 and 2.14 ±0.36 μg/mg protein, respectively in AGE-treated (50 μg/mL) rabbit chondrocytes. An in vivo animal study on rats fed a diet containing 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg AGE for 3 weeks revealed a significant inhibition of the MMPs in the MIA-induced rat articular cartilage. The genetic expression of arthritic factors in the articular cartilage was examined by RT-PCR of collagen Type I, collagen Type II, aggrecan, and MMP (MMP3, MMP-9, MMP13). Specifically, AGE up-regulated the expression of collagen Type I, collagen Type II, and aggrecan and inhibited MMP levels at all tested concentrations. Collectively, AGE showed a strong specific site of action on MMP regulation and protected against the degeneration of articular cartilage via cellular regulation of MMP expression both in vitro and in vivo.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.658-666
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the mineral and vitamin intake according to the stage of change in fruit and vegetable intake. The subjects consisted of 256 students, 122 males and 134 females, who are fourth, fifth and sixth grade in an elementary school located in Yeongi-Gun, Chungnam province. The dietary intake wasexamined by 24 hr dietary recall for 1 day and by food record for 2 days from April 19 to May 01, 2007. Stage of change of intake of fruits and vegetables of the students was categorized into three groups: precontemplation, contemplation and preparation, and action. The subjects at the stage of action took kimchi and vegetables more frequently, and also took more vitamin C as well. But the subjects at other two stages did not show any difference in the intake of any food group and nutrients. Percentage of the male subjects who took less than EAR did not show any significant difference by stage of change in all the nutrients. However, there was gradual decrease in the percentage of female taking less than EAR of vitamin C and vitamin B2. The result concludes that vitamin C intake significantly increase gradually as the stages of behavioral change of fruit and vegetable intake proceed although almost all vitamins and minerals tended to increase.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1829-1837
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• 2010

Mideoduck drips were mixed with amino acids (Met, Tau, Gly, Ala, Thr, Cys), thiamine and sugars (Glucose, Ribose) for flavor modification and evaluation using the Maillard reaction. To mask the seafood flavor, onions, spring onions, garlic, ginger, citric orange and green tea were mixed with Mideoduck drips at $160^{\circ}C$ for 2.5 hr in a stainless still reaction bomb. The glucose/thiamine model reaction system was estimated to be lower than the ribose/thiamine model system, and an extreme case is the ribose/Met model system. Mixed system of glucose, ribose and taurine containing sulfur compounds showed fair results. Among the Mideoduck drips mixed with sugars and amino groups, only thiamine model systems were estimated to be normal. The flavor composition of Mideoduck drips/sugars model system, and long chain fatty acids were composed of 31.32~62.71% total flavor content. The 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutylester contents made up more than 20% of the model system in groups A, B and C. From the model system in this study, drip/glucose, drip/ribose, drip/glucose/citric orange, and drip/glucose/glycine/cystine groups showed most intense good flavor.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.259-266
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• 2000

Objectives : The effects of aqueous extracts of Cortex ulmi pumilae (a traditional medicine for cancer treatment in oriental medicine) on the induction of apoptotic cell death were investigated in human liver origm hepatoma cell lines, HepG2. Methods : The death of HepG2 cells was markedly induced by the addition of extracts of Cortex ulmi pumilae in a dose-dependent manner. The apoptotic characteristic ladder pattern of DNA strand break was not observed in cell death of HepG2. In addition, it was not shown nucleus chromatin condensation and fragmentation under hoechst staining. However, by the using annexin V staining assay, externalizations of phosphatidylserine in HepG2 cell which were treated with Cortex ulmi pumilae extracts were detected in the early time (at 9 hr after extract treatment). Furthermore, LDH release was not detected in this early stage. Therefore, Cortex ulmi pumilae extracts-induced cell death of HepG2 cells is mediated by apoptotic death signal processes. Result : The activity of caspase 3-like proteases remained in a basal level in HepG2 cells which treated with the extract of Cordyceps sinensis. However, it was markedly increased in HepG2 cells which treated with two extracts of Cortex ulmi pumilae (C.U.P.-C, C.U.P.-K) which were differently extracted (respectively, 2.3 and 3.3 fold). On a while, the phosphotransferase activities of JNK1 was markedly induced in HepG2 cells which were treated with two extracts of Cortex ulmi pumilae. On the contrary, the activation of transcriptional activator, activating protein1(AP-1) and NF-kB were severely decreased by these two extracts of Cortex ulmi pumilae (C.U.P.-C, C.U.P.-K). In addition, antioxidants (GSH and NAC) and intracellular $Ca2^+$ level regulator (Bapta/AM and Thapsigargin) did not affect Cortex ulmi pumilae extracts-induced apoptotic death of HepG2 cells. Conclusions : In conclusion, our results suggest that two extracts of Cortex ulmi pumilae (C.U.P.-C, C.U.P.-K) induces the apoptotic death of human liver origin hepatoma HepG2 cells via activation of caspase 3-like proteases as well as JNK1, and inhibition of transcriptional activators, AP-1 and $NK-{\kappa}B$.