• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.8
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• pp.29-37
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• 1967

Citrus fruits of ten varieties grown in Chaeju island and a few other fruits for the comparison were analyzed to determined the contents of crude fat, crude fiber, total carbohydrates, macroelements and ash. Acids and sugars in fruit juices were also determined and the characteristic of neutralization of fruit juices were investigated. 1. The per cent of edible part of citrus fruits having the range of 48.5(Daingwoochi) to 72(Onju) were lower than that of other fruits. It was lower by about 8 per cent than that of the same variety produced in U.S.A. It was shown that the amount of rind per fruit might be increased in the citrus fruit grown in the low annual temperature. 2. The content of crude protein were around 1% and higher than other's. The contents of crude fat were below 0.1% in three varieties and over 0.1 in others. The contents of crude fiber were between 0.3 to 0.8% and the fruits with the high content of crude protein were inclined to have the high content of crude fiber and it was also shown that the low annual temperature was inclined to increase the amount of crude fiber per fruit. 3. The amount of total acid were from 19.5 m.e per 100 g of fresh fruit in Byongkyul to 44.2 m.e in Daingwoochi. The high percentage of titrable acid was over 90 in two sour varieties, Daingwoochi and Hakyul having pH below 3 and the high content of total acid. These two varieties were above 10 in the ratio of total acid in the edible part to the total acid in the rind(total acid in edible part/total acid in the rind). The content of combined acid was lower than that of titrable acid in the edible part and vice versa in the rind. 4. Navel was highest as 12.82% in the total sugar content and the lowest content was 4.9% of Hakyul. The contents of reducing sugar in the citrus fruits were about half of that in other fruits. The ratio of total sugar to titrable acid (sugar/acid: the grade of sweet taste) were lower than foreign products . 5. From the titration curves of fruit juices the characteristic of neutralization of juices could be grouped in three types, and other values, that is, pH, the content of total acid, the percentage of combined acid, the ratio of total acids in edible part and rind, the content of sugar, and the grade of sweet taste were also devided into the same three categories. 6. The contents of macroelements were different along to the each part of fruit. The content, in the seed were high and the ones in the rind were low. The contents of each element were in the order of $K_2O>N>P_2O_5{\gtrless}CaO{\gtrless}MgO$ in the edible part, $K_2O>N>CaO>P_2O_5{\gtrless}MgO$ in the rind, $N>K_2O>P_2O_5>CaO>MgO$ in the seed. The content of potassium was especially high in Marumeru and Hakyul and the content of calcium in citrus fruit was higher than others.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.869-878
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline data on nutritional management of women's bone health. We examined the bone mineral density (BMD) by ultrasound bone densitometer, anthropometric measurement and dietary intake to assess the nutrient intakes. The subjects were 102 Korean female college students (normal=59, bone disease group [osteopenia+osteoporosis]=43) and the mean age was 21.4 yr. Mean T-score (BMD) were -0.42 and -1.52 in normal and bone disease groups, respectively. Anthropometric measurement showed that 59% of the subjects were normal weight and bone disease group had lower value than normal group in majority of anthropometric index. The average energy intake was 1539.7 kcal, which was 73% of Korean EER. The subjects had lower vitamin C, folic acid, Ca and K intake than Korean RI independent of BMD. Bone disease group (1:2.05) showed significantly lower Ca:P ratio than normal group (1:1.86). Normal group had more intake frequency of milk and milk product than bone disease group. In relation to anthropometric index with T-score, significant correlations have been found in weight, PM, BFM, MM, TBW, SLM, FFM WHR, BMI and SMM. In relation to dietary factors with T-score, significant correlations have been found relating to intake frequency of milk and milk product. Our results indicate that for nutrients, ratio and balance may be more influential than intake for bone health in young women.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.385-390
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• 1998

The effect of agglomeration treatment was examined to prevent the parched cereal powder from clumping when it is blended with water. Parched cereal powder was composed of 66.9% carbohydrate, 7% water, 12.1% crude protein, 12.1% crude fat and 1.9% ash, respectively. Particle size of parched cereal powder was generally enlarged by agglomeration treatment. This phenomenon was confirmed by particle size analyzer and microscopic observation. The color of agglomerated sample was shown to be slightly darker than the untreated sample. The water absorption indices of agglomerated samples which were steamed for 2min and re-dried were significantly increased as compared with the untreated sample. The water solubility indices of agglomerated samples showed generally lower values than those of untreated samples. In views of quality and processing time, the optimum condition of agglomeration treatment for manufacturing well-dispersable parched cereal powder in water was 15min re-drying after 2min steaming. It is concluded that the agglomeration treatment improves the dispersibility of parched cereal powder and thus facilitates the intake of it after mixing with water.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.412-420
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• 1989

To know how the ribosomes involved in secretory protein synthesis were attached to the cytoplasmic membrane in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, the cells were treated with puromycin combinated with magnesium at the logarithmic phase, and the variation of cell-bound and extracellular $\alpha$-amylase activity was assayed for determining the $\alpha$-amylase translocation blocking through the cytoplasmic membrane. In the abnormal $\alpha$-amylase producing mutant in which the C-terminal of the $\alpha$-amylase structure was deleted, B. umytotiquefaciens CH10-2, the $\alpha$-amylase was translocated normally through the cytoplasmic membranes, and the translocation blocking by puromycin was revealed to have a similar pattern as that in the wild type. This means that the C-terminal part of the enzyme structure may not have a signal for secretion. The cell death of the logarithmic phase cells in both strains was not affected much under 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of puromycin, however, the $\alpha$-amylase translocation was blocked markedly under less than 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of the puromycin concentration. The blocking of the enzyme secretion by puromycin may be due to the detachment of the ribosomes from cytoplasmic membranes by disturbing the nascent polypeptide synthesis. Further evidence for confirming this was that the detachment was increased in 50 mM of magnesium ion because the extracellular $\alpha$-amylase activity was decreased more under this condition. If the cells were treated with trypsin combinated with Iysozyme, the extracellular $\alpha$-amylase activity from the cultured medium was reduced markedly, however, the activity from the cells treated with trypsin only was not reduced. This means that the nascent polypeptides protruding from the cytoplasmic membrane were sensitive to the trypsin digestion, whereas the matured ones were not. Therefore, the protruding polypeptides from the cytoplasmic membranes may be truncated by trypsin before forming their final tertiary structures by folding in the cell wall layer.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.529-536
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• 2003

A total of 72 finishing pigs(L${\times}$Y${\times}$D; 80kg of initial body weight) were employed for 5 weeks to investigate the effects of feeding mushroom substrate waste(MSW) treated with pleurotus ostreatus and probiotics on productivity, carcass traits, nutrient digestibility and emissions of harmful gases and malodor in manure. Treatments were Control(C: basal diet), T1(3% MSW) and T2(3% MSW+ 0.1% probiotics). Average daily gain(ADG) was lower(p<0.05) in pigs fed a T1 diet than those fed a C diet, however, there was no difference in ADG of pigs fed diets between C and T2. Similar trends were found in feed/gain(F/G) among treatments, though feed intake was not different. No differences were found in back fat thickness among treatments, but carcass dressing percentage was significantly(p<0.05) improved in pigs fed a T2 diet compared to C or T1 diets. Nutrient digestibilities including dry matter, crude protein, energy and crude fiber were lower(p<0.05) in T1 than C or T2. $NH_3$ and $H_2S$ gas emissions were reduced(p<0.05) or not produced in pig manure from T2 as compared to C or T1. In conclusion, the present result shows that feeding MSW with probiotics is desirable for finishing pigs in terms of productivity, carcass traits and nutrient digestibility. It also appears that the emission of harmful gases and malodor in manure can be reduced by the inclusion of probiotics in the diet.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.107-119
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• 2002

Astrocyte, which shares the greatest part of the brain (about 25%), is a land of glial cell that composes the central nervous system along with microglia, ependymal cell and oligodendroglia. It has 7-9nm of fibers in its cytoplasma, which are composed of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. As for the functions of the astrocyte, it has, so far, been supposed that the astrocyte will play a cytoskeletal role in maintaining the structure of the cerebrum, play a role as a blood-brain barrier so that it can induce migration of the neuron in its development and substances in the blood cannot go into the nervous tissue, and a role of immunology and phagocytosis. However, it was revealed today that it will be a role in preventing expansion of injury by attaching itself to the connective tissue such as the vessel and the pia mater when the nervous tissue or the arachnoid is injured. Microcurrent stimulation can control current, on the basis of A unit. That is, with such devices using it, it is possible to sense, from the outside, the injured current(wound current) of the lesion and to change it into the normal current, thereby promoting the restoration of the cells. In order to examine the effects of microcurrent stimulation on the injured astrocytes in the rabbits, this study was conducted with 24 New Zealand White Rabbit as its subjects, which were divided into 8 animals of the experiment group and 16 animals of the control group. After the animals in the experiment group were fixed to the stereotaxic apparatus, their hair was removed and their premotor area(association area) perforated by the micro-drill for skull-perforation with the depth of 8mm from the scalp. In one week after the injury, 4 animals in the control group and 8 animals in the experiment group were sacrificed and examined with immunohistochemical method. And in three weeks, the remaining 4 animals in the control group and 8 animals in the experiment group were also sacrificed and examined with the same way. The conclusion has been drawn as follows : In the control group sacrificed in one week after the injury, the astrocytes somewhat increased, compared with the normal animals, and in the group sacrificed in three weeks after the injury, they increased more (p < 0.05). The experiment group A in one week showed a little increase, but there was no significant differences, but the experiment group in three weeks showed more increase, compared with the experiment group in one week (p < 0.05). The experiment group B in one week showed more increase than the control group or the experiment group A, and the experiment group in three weeks showed more increase than the experiment group in one week (p < 0.05). Among the astrocytes, fibrous astrocytes were mostly observed, increasing as they are close to the lesion, and decreasing as they are remote from it. The findings show that microcurrent can cause the astrocytes to proliferate and that it will be more effective to stimulate the cervical part somewhat remote from the lesion rather than to directly stimulate the part of the lesion. Thus, microcurrent stimulation can be one of the methods that can activate the reaction of astrocytes, which is one of the mechanism for treating cerebral injury with hemorrhage. Therefore, this study will be used as basic research data for promoting restoration of functions in the patient with injury in the central nervous system.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 1979

Red pepper paste were prepared by using various raw materials such as rice, glutinous rice, polished barley, polished wheat and corn powder, and their chemical compositions including reducing sugar, amino-N and ethanol were analyzed during the period of aging in order to elucidate effects of these starchy materials on the compositions and qualities of the products. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Koji of these materials were manufactured respectively by inoculating a strain of Asporyzae and their activities of protease and saccharifying amylase were determined. Wheat koji was found to have the highest level of protease activity among the koji, while glutinous rice koji had the strongest amylase activity. 2) Contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and sodium chloride in the red pepper pastes were not changed significantly, however total sugar content was decreased during the period of aging. 3) After 60 days of aging, the highest amount (160mg%) amino nitrogen was detected in the red pepper paste of polished wheat, but higher levels of reducing sugar and ethanol contents were detected in that of glutinous rice. 4) Amino acids in the products were analyzed after 60 days of aging: a) Total 17 amino acids were detected. b) Free amino acid ratio to total amino acid content was approximately 35 percent in average. c) Free glutamic acid was higher than any other free amino acid In the amount and free ratio, but free methionine was lower. d) Lysine content was relatively high, while histidine and glycine were detected in trace. 5) Sensory tests including color, odor and taste on the products resulted in the highest mark for the red pepper paste of glutinous rice but in the lowest mark for that of corn powder.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.949-965
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• 1996

The main goal of periodontal therapy is to restore the lost periodontal tissue and establish the attachment appratus. Current acceptable therapeutic techniques are included : removal of diseased soft tissue, demineralization of exposed root surface, using the barrier membrane for preventing the downgrowth of gingival epithelial cell, insertion of graft materials as a scaffolding action, and biological mediators for promoting the cell activity. The latest concept one among them has been studied which based on the knowledge of cellular biology of destructed tissue. Platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF) is one of the polypeptide growth factor which have been reported as a biological mediator to regulate activities of wound healing progress including cell proliferation, migration, and metabolism. The purposes of this study is to evaluate the influences of the PDGF as biological mediator to periodontal ligament and bone marrow cell. Both right and left maxillary first molar were extracted from rat which had treated with 0.4% ${\beta}-Aminopropionitril$ for 5 days, and feeded until designed date to sacrifice under anesthesisa. Periodontal ligament were removed from the extracted socket of the rat, and cultured with Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium(DMEM) contained with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 100U/ml penicillin, $100{\mu}g/ml$ streptomycin, $0.5{\mu}g/ml$ amphotericin-B. Bone marrow cell were culture from bone marrow suspension with which washed out from femur with same medium. The study was performed to evaluate the effect of PDGF to periodontal ligament and bone cell, cell proliferation rate, total protein synthesis, and alkaline phosphatase activity of rat periodontal ligament(PDL) cell and bone stromal(RBS) cell in vitro. The effects of growth factors on both cells were measured at 3, 5th day after cell culture with (control group) or without growth factors(experimental group). The results were as follows: 1. The tendency of cell proliferation under the influence of PDGF showed more rapid proliferation pattern than control at 3 and 5 days after inoculation. 2. The activity of Alkaline phosphatase revealed 14, 80% increased respectively at 3, 5 days culture than control group. Measurements of ALPase levels indicated that PDL cells had significantly higher activity when compared with that of co-culture groups and GF only(P<0.05). And, ALPase activity in 10 days was higher than that of 7 days(P<0.05). 3. The tendency of formation of the mineralized nodule were observed dose-depend pattern of PDL cells. There was statistically significant difference among group l(PDL 100%), 2(PDL 70%:GF 30%), and 3(PDL 50%:GF 50%)(P<0.01). But, there was no difference among group 3, 4(PDL 30%:GF 70%), and 5(GF 100%). 4. Also, the number of nodule was greater in co-culture of PDL 70% and GF 30% than in culture of PDL 70%(P<0.05). From the above results, it is assumed that the PDGF on PDL cells and RMB cell culture. GF stimulates the cell growth, which is not that of PDL cells but GF. And, the activity of ALPase depends on the ratio of PDL cells, and ALPase may relate to the initial phase of nodule formation. Also, it is thought that the calcified nodule formation principally depends on PDL cells, is inhibited by GF, and affected by cell density. In conclusion, platelet-derived growth factor can promote rapid osteogenesis during early stage of periodontal tissue regeneration.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.742-747
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• 2008

This study was performed to evaluate the quality characteristics of the hamburger patty to which Chungkukjang powder (CJP; 0, 2, 4, and 6%) had been added. The contents of moisture, crude protein and crude ash in the control group(0%) were significantly(p<0.01) lower than that of the CJP patties, but crude lipid content in the control group was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of the treated group. The values of L(brightness) and b(yellowness) of the control group were lower than that of the CJP patties, but a-value(redness) of the control group exhibited the highest score. The texture of the control group was significantly(p<0.05) harder than that of the CJP patties. Among the mean scores of sensory characteristics of samples, the patty with 2% CJP powder showed the highest sensory score, and also, had significantly(p<0.05) higher chewiness than the control group. In preference, the control group showed a higher score than the treated group, but this difference was not statistically significant. The patty with 2% CJP had significantly (p<0.01) higher consumer sensory score in texture than that of markets. The results showed that the CJP patties could contribute toward complementing the nutrients of hamburgers on sale. Furthermore, the results of this study can contribute toward improving the nutritional and functional well-being of products.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 2012

The recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) has been used for increasing milk production of dairy cows without adverse health effects. This study was conducted to compare effects of supplementation with $Boostin^{(R)}$-250 containing 250 mg of rbST on milk production with those of $Posilac^{(R)}$ and $Boostin^{(R)}$-S. And safety of rbST supplementation on target animals was also observed. Each twenty-five lactating dairy cows were assigned randomly to one of four groups. $Boostin^{(R)}$-250 and vehicle (control) were administered weekly. $Boostin^{(R)}$-S and $Posilac^{(R)}$ were administered two week intervals. Milk yield, milk components, milk somatic cell count, health status, and body condition score of cows were examined. Supplementation with $Posilac^{(R)}$, $Boostin^{(R)}$-S, and $Boostin^{(R)}$-250 induced more milk yield than control group by 2.9 kg/day (12.3%), 4.2 kg/day (17.9%), and 4.1 kg/day (17.4%), respectively. There was a significant difference in milk yield among three rbST treatment groups and control group (${\alpha}$ = 0.05). The rbST supplementation did not increase the incidence of clinical mastitis and milk somatic cell counts. Supplementation with rbST did not significantly affect milk components (milk fat, protein, and solid not fat). The rbST supplementation of the dairy cows after peak milk yield did not cause negative effect on BCS. However, some cows less than 100 days in milking had decreased BCSs after rbST supplementation. In conclusion, milk production in 250 mg of rbST administered cows every week was similar to that of 500 mg of rbST administered cows every 2 weeks. And supplementation of 250 mg of rbST every week could reduce metabolic stress in cows.