• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.55-72
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• 1983

These studies were done to find out any difference, ultrastructural, physical or chemical, between the shells of diapausing and non-diapausing eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 1. From the electron-microscopic observation, the egg shells have four distinctive layers. In addition to the four layers, the shells in the diapausing eggs has another layer with low electron density on its surface. 2. The permeability of the egg shell to hydrochloride was much lower in diapausing egg than in non-diapausing egg. Also the permeability changed in the opposite directions with the egg age: the diapausing eggs decreased while non-diapausing ones increased. 3. The permeability increased when the diapausing egg shell was treated with HCl. When they were treated with ether, however, the increase in permeability was much smaller. It seems there was an ether soluble material involved in the content of the egg shell. 4. The diapausing eggs were also much more resistant to desiccation than the non-diapausing ones. The former, when treated with HCl or chilling, became less resistant to desiccation. 5. The positive histochemical response of the egg shell to PAS-Alcian blue and protein stainings suggests presence of abundant proteins and carbohydrates in the egg shell. On the other hand, the staining response to lipid was more positive in the inner layers than in the outer layer of the shell. 6. The egg shell adhesives seems to be mucopolysaccharides produced by colleterial glands, since the oviposited eggs showed a positive responses to carbohydrate and negative to lipid-staining chemicals, but not the mature oocytes in the ovarioles. 7. There were two bands on the electrophoretic pattern of the SH proteins extracted from the egg shells both in the diapausing egg and non-diapausing one: a slow moving major component and a fast moving minor one. However, the electrophoretic mobility showed a difference in the minor components between them. It is evident that the fast moving minor one of non-diapausing egg ran a little further than that of diapausing egg. 8. In amino acids analysis, no significant differences were found in their composition between diapausing and non-diapausing egg and SH proteins contain relatively more glycine and less cystine.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.15-22
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• 2002

Transportation project appraisal should be precise in order to increase the social welfare and efficiency, and it has been evaluated by only a single criterion analysis such as benefit/cost analysis. However, this method cannot assess some qualitative items, and cannot get a proper solution for the clash of interests among various groups. Therefore, the multi-criteria analysis, which can control these problems, is needed, and then Saaty has developed one of these methods, AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method. In AHP, the project is evaluated through weighted score of the criteria and the alternatives, which is surveyed by a questionnaire of specialists. It is based on some strict suppositions such as reciprocal comparison, homogeneity, expectation, independence relationship between multi-criteria, but supposing that each criterion has independence relation with others is too difficult in two reasons. First, in real situation, there cannot be perfect independence relationship between standards. Second, individuals, even though they are specialists of that area, do not feel the degree of independence relation as same as others. This paper develops a modified AHP method for solving this dependence relationship between multi-criteria. First of all. in this method, the degree of dependence relationship between multi-criteria that the specialist feels is surveyed and included to the weighted score of multi-criteria This study supposes three methods to implement this idea. The first model products the degree of dependence relationship in the first step for calculating the weighted score, and the others adjust the result of weighted score from the basic AHP method to the dependence relationship. One of the second methods distributes the cross weighted score to each standard by constant ratio, and the other splits them using Fuzzy measure such as Bel and Pl. Finally, in order to validate these methods, this paper applies them to evaluate the alternatives which can control public resentments against Korean rail path in a city area.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2006

Purpose: It is well known from clinical experience that acute complications of chemoradiation therapy vary from patients to patients. However, there are no known factors to predict these acute complications before treatment starts. The human XRCC1 gene is known as a DNA base excision repair gene. We investigated the possibilities of XRCC1 gene polymorphisms as a predictor for the acute complications of chemoradiation therapy in colorectal cancer patients. Materials and Methods: From July 1997 to June 2003, 86 colorectal cancer patients (71 rectal cancer, 13 sigmoid colon cancer and 2 colon cancer patients) were treated with chemoradiation therapy at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Inha University Hospital. Twenty-two patients were in stage B, 50 were in stage C, 8 were in stage D and 6 patients were unresectable cases. External radiation therapy was delivered with 10MV X-ray at a 1.8 Gy fraction per day for a total dose of radiation of $30.6{\sim}59.4 Gy$ (median: 54 Gy). All the patients received 5-FU based chemotherapy regimen. We analyzed the acute complications of upper and lower gastrointestinal tract based on the RTOG complication scale. The initial and lowest WBC and platelet count were recorded during both the RT period and the whole treatment period. Allelic variants of the XRCC1 gene at codons 194, 280 and 399 were analyzed in the lymphocyte DNA by performing PCR-RFLP. Statistical analyses were carried out with the SAS (version 6.12) statistical package. Results: When all the variables were assessed on the multivariate analysis, recurrent disease revealed the factors that significantly correlated with upper gastrointestinal acute complications. Arg399Gln polymorph isms of the XRCC1 gene, the radiation dose and the frequencies of chemotherapy during radiation therapy were significantly correlated with lower gastrointestinal complications. Arg399Gln polymorph isms also affected the decrease of the WBC and platelet count during radiation therapy. Conclusion: Although the present sample size was too small for fully evaluating this hypothesis, this study suggests that Arg399Gln polymorph isms of the XRCC1 genes may be used as one of the predictors for acute complications of chemoradiation therapy in colorectal cancer patients.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2011

Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes and prognostic factors of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for patients with pathological stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at a single institution. Materials and Methods: From 2000 to 2007, 88 patients diagnosed as having pathologic stage III NSCLC after curative resection were treated with PORT. There were 80 patients with pathologic stage IIIA and eight patients with pathologic stage IIIB in the AJCC 6th staging system. The majority of patients (n=83) had pathologic N2 disease, and 56 patients had single station mediastinal LN metastasis. PORT was administered using conventional technique (n=76) or three-dimensional conformal technique (n=12). The median radiation dose was 54 Gy (range, 30.6 to 63 Gy). Thirty-six patients received chemotherapy. Radiation pneumonitis was graded by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group system, and other treatment-related toxicities were assessed by CTCAE v 3.0. Results: Median survival was 54 months (range, 26 to 77 months). The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) rates were 45% and 38%, respectively. The number of metastatic lymph nodes was associated with overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.037; p-value=0.040). The 5-year locoregional recurrence free survival (LRFS) and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) rates were 88% and 48%, respectively. Multiple stations of mediastinal lymph node metastasis was associated with decreased DFS and DMFS rates (p-value=0.0014 and 0.0044, respectively). Fifty-one relapses occurred at the following sites: 10 loco-regional, 41 distant metastasis. Grade 2 radiation pneumonitis was seen in three patients, and symptoms were well tolerated with anti-tussive medication. Grade 2 radiation esophagitis was seen in 11 patients. There were no grade 3 or more severe complications associated with PORT. Conclusion: Our retrospective data show that PORT for pathological stage III NSCLC is a safe and feasible treatment and could improve loco-regional control. The number of metastatic lymph nodes and stations of mediastinal lymph node metastasis were analyzed as prognostic factors. Furthermore, efforts are needed to reduce distant metastasis, which is a major failure pattern of advanced stage NSCLC.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-23
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• 1970

Recently Carter(1952) reported the capsule antigens of Pasteurella multocida could be divided into four serological types A,B,C and D by means of precipitation tests. Subsequently he showed that the most sensitive for identification of these types involved the use of capsule substance adsorbed by erythrocytes in hemagglutination test. It may be somewhat difficult to conduct the hemagglutination test in small laboratory, because relatively large amounts of antisera and erythrocytes of the human O type are required for the test. A simple method for serological typing of P. multocida was the slide agglutination test employed by Little et al. (1943) and Namioka et al. (1962), but this method is still in controversy. The author tried adapting Carter's hemagglutination method to the slide method so called "micromethod technique", and studied on the stabilization of erythrocytes for use of slide hemagglutination to P. multocida although many invesigators reported the stabilization of erythrocytes. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. A simplified method (slide method) for capsule typing of the organism was developed by adapting Carter's hemagglutination reaction(tube method). Antibody-containing serum can be diluted serially on Boerner's microtest slide with capillary or serological pipetts with a considerable accuracy. The slide reaction can be carried out with case on the slide by adding $0.05m{\ell}$ of antigen-sensitized erythrocytes suspension diluted to one percent on $0.05m{\ell}$ of serially diluted antibody-containing sera, and the final result can be read after 60 minutes at the room temperature ($15^{\circ}C$). 2. It is difficult to determine superiority of inferiority between the slide method and the tube method on the pattern of the reaction of hemagglutination. 3. The pH range of 6.6 to 8.3 is optimal for the slide hemagglutination reaction. 4. The antigen-sensitization against erythrocytes at $37^{\circ}C$ is optimal for the slide hemagglutination. 5. Both the doses and concentration of antigen do not influence the antigen-adsorbing capacity of erythrocytes. 6. The reduction of antigen-sensitizing hours does not influence the antigen-adsorbing capacity of erythrocytes even 30 minutes. 7. The tannic acid treatment against formalinized and non-formalinized erythrocytes showed no effect on the reaction of hemagglutination. 8. The erythrocytes preserved at $4^{\circ}C$ in the ACD solution do not decrease the reactivity on the reaction of hemagglutination for 60 days, while they begin slight hemolysis 30 days after preserving. 9. The stable preparation of erythrocytes can be obtained by treating the cells at $37^{\circ}C$ for 20 hours with from 4 to 8 percent of formalin in saline or buffer. These cells can be preserved at $4^{\circ}C$ for more than 8 months experimented without hemolysis. With low concentration of formalin, the cells were not sufficiently stabilized resulting in the hemolysis after short period of preservation at $4^{\circ}C$. 10. The erythrocytes treated with 16 percent of formalin remain constantly or increase the reactivity for the reaction of hemagglutination. On the contrary, the cells treated with I to 8 percent of formalin decrease the reactivity. 11. There is no difference between nontreated fresh erythrocytes and the erythrocytes preserved in the ACD solution on the reactivity against the hemagglutination, and the erythrocytes treated with 16 percent of formalin showed the reactivity of higher level than that of the above two kinds of erythrocytes. 12. There is no difference between the saline and the isotonic buffer solution on the reaction of hemagglutination.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.507-513
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• 2004

Aflatoxins are produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus that grow in improperly stored cereals. Aflatoxin B1 ($AFB_1$) is a potent hepatocarcinogen in a variety of experimental animals including human beings. In spite of a high attention to the hepatocarcinogenecity of $AFB_1$, the relative toxicity of aflatoxins ($AFB_2$ and $AFG_1$) is not fully clarified. Sprague-Dawley male rats were orally administered with $AFB_1$, $AFB_2$, and $AFG_1$ at the dose of 250 ${\mu}g/kg$ (additionally including a dose of $1250{\mu}g/kg $ for $AFB_1$) body weight. Animals were then killed at 12, 24 or 48 hrs following aflatoxin exposure. Subsequently the immunohistochemical examination of p53, cytochrome p450 1A1 (CYP450 1A1), and glutathione-S-transferase placental form (GST-P) were performed. The level of the 8-OxodG in the liver was determined. Expressions of CYP450 1A1 and p53 were high in the liver of rats through 48 hrs after treatment of $AFB_1$ at the single dose of $250{\mu}g/kg $. This pattern was more clear as increasing doses. The treatment of $AFB_2$ and $AFG_1$ did not affect the expression of CYP450 1A1 but it caused weak expression of p53. The activity of GST were not found in the liver of rats treated with aflatoxins. The formation of 8-OxodG by $AFB_1$ increased in a dose-dependent manner up to 24 hrs after a single treatment of $AFB_1$ thereafter decreased to the level of control. The treatment of $AFB_2$ and $AFG_1$ did not affect the levels of 8-OxodG in the liver of rats with increasing time. These results in the present study indicate that $AFB_1$ among aflatoxins with low comparable levels is the most toxic as determined by early biomarkers such as CYP450 1A1, p53, GST-P, and 8-OxodG.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 1987

This study was conducted to examine the possibility of complete lodging. prevention, the growth and yield of the paddy rice plant by paciobutrazol 0.6%G application at 15 days before heading under the several levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 kg/10a) of nitrogen fertilizer in 1986. Culm length was shortened 10-15% by paclobutrazol application. The shortened rate of internode was very extreme on the 3rd and 4th internode in paclobutrazol application. Moment the height of center gravity and lodging index turned higher with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, on the other hand, those of paclobutrazol application were smaller than control. Lodging degree (0~4) was 1~3 above 25kg/10a level of nitrogen fertilizer in control, however, no more than 1 at 45kg/10a level of nitrogen fertilizer in paclobutrazol application. Ripened grain ratio and grain weight of paclobutrazol application were larger than those of control. Yield increased more 15-26% in paclobutrazol application than control. The nitrogen level of maximum yield was about 25kg/10a in control, but was 31kg/10a in paclobutrazol application.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 1985

Effects of weed removal time on maize growth and yield were evaluated in the fields dominated with Poligonum spp., Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crusgalli and Digitaria adsendens from 1982 to 1983 in Suweon. Weed removal treatments were as follows: (a) kept weedfree all season, (b) weeded at 10 day intervals after maize emergence but stopped weeding at 3,5,7,9 leaf stages, (c) weeds initially removed at 3,5,7 and 9 leaf stages and the plots then kept weed free, (d) weeds left all season. Maize kept weed free from maize emergence to 7 leaf stages showed no grain yield reduction due to competition from weeds emerging later, but weeding from emergence to 3 and 5 leaf stages reduced grain yield 46 and 44%, respectively, in 1982 and 29 and 18%, respectively, in 1983. Weeding at 3 leaf stage and thereafter did not influence grain yield but initial weedings at 5, 7 and 9 leaf stages reduced grain yield 10, 36, and 67%, respectively, in 1982 and 14,18, and 21%, respectively, in 1983. Responses of maize to weeding time in the dry matter yields were same as in the grain yields.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.171-178
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• 1998

Growth response and acetolactate synthase(ALS) activity were examined to determine the resistance of corn cultivars to primisulfuron when primisulfuron and/ or insecticide Terbufos were applied. Pioneer 3571 IR showed resistance to primisulfuron regardless of Terbufos treatment, but Pioneer 3571 was greatly injured with primisulfuron plus Terbufos treatment. Suwon 118 was relatively tolerant to primisulfuron compared to Chalok 2, but crop injury was occurred at both cultivars by primisulfuron plus Terbufos treatment. ALS activity at Pioneer 3751 IR was very high in primisulfuron and/ or Terbufos treatment. Suwon 118 also showed higher ALS activity compared to Pioneer 3751 and Chalok 2, but ALS activities were greatly decreased by primisulfuron plus Terbufos treatment at Suwon 118 and Chalok 2. The $I_{50}$ concentration for 50% inhibition of the ALS enzyme was 10.0, 0.06, 7.75, and 0.04${\mu}M$ for Pioneer 3751 IR, Pioneer 3751, Suwon 118, and Chalok 2, respectively. Consequently, resistance of corn cultivars to primisulfuron was significantly related to ALS activity. Crop injury and lower ALS activity were recognized in susceptible corn cultivars by primisulfuron plus Terbufos treatment.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.146-153
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to clarify the characteristics of germination and emergence of Panicum dichotomiflorum which is a noxious weed species in direct-seeded rice field. P. dichotomiflorum was planted with several treatments such as different depths of irrigation to verifiy the ecological habits of seedling emergence and growth. In order to know the germination characteristics, Panicum dichotomiflorum seeds, pretreated with low-temperature($4^{\circ}C$) stratification for breaking the dormancy, were germinated under different temperature regimes and water potentials. Germination rates of P. dichotomiflorum was increased from 0% of dormant seed to 1%, 35% and 44% by stratification for 21, 28 and 42 days, respectively. Two dominant weed species in directseeded rice fields, Echinochloa crus-galli and Panicum dichotomitlorum, showed different germination habit under different temperature regimes. Echinochloa crus-galli showed more higher germination rate than Panicum dichotomiflorum at relatively low temperature regime(20/$10^{\circ}C$). Both species germinated faster at 30/$20^{\circ}C$ than at 20/$10^{\circ}C$. When the water potential was lowered, germination of Panicum dichotomiflorum was reduced more drastically than Echinochloa crus-galli. The critical water potential for germination of P. dichotomiflorum was -0.7MPa but Echinochloa crus-galli was affected slightly by the same water potential. The results showed that Echinochloa crus-galli can germinate under more wide range of soil water potential than Panicum dichotomiflorum. Emergence of P. dichotomiflorum was highly affected by irrigation depth and the level of water table. When the depth of irrigation water was increased, emergence of P. dichotomiflorum was dragged and emergence rate showed significant difference under the irrigation depth deeper than 6cm. The maximum depth of irrigation water for survival of Panicum dichotomiflorum seedling was 9cm.