• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2006

The main aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacological profile of flavonoids utilizing behavioral tests and to investigate how the psychopharmacological activities of wogonin, baicalein and oroxylin A are different. Wogonin, baicalein and oroxylin A were intraperitoneally injected as dosages of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg. In the locomotor activity, Rota-rod test, and elevated plus-maze tests, the behavioral parameters were analyzed by automatic systems. Thiopental induced sleeping time was measured. Water extract of S. baicalensis didn't exhibit sedative effect. Wogonin and bacalein exhibited anxiolytic activity although it was less potent than buspirone. Wogonin and baicalein decreased locomotor activity at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Wogonin also shortened significantly running time on the rota-rod at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Wogonin and baicalein enhanced sleeping at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg. These results indicate that wogonin produce anxiolysis with sedation and so did bacalein with mild sedation. On the contrary, oroxylin A enhanced running activity on the rotarod and did't depress locomotor activity. Oroxylin A significantly hindered sleeping rather than helped it at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg. Oroxylin A didn't produce anxiolysis and instead, produce awakening effect. This study demonstrates that wogonin and bacalein exhibited anxiolytic activity with mild sedation, but oroxylin A didn't produce anxiolysis and instead, produce awakening effect. This result indicates that anxiolytic effect without sedation induced by Scutellaria baicalensis is produced by combination of flavonoids.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is ultimately subjected to the Orientalism, even though this deals with some positive effects in the realm of art and architecture as the scope of study, because through which the relationship between two different cultures will be discussed. That is to say, this research focused not only on how the presentation of 'avant-garde' visual art, which is explained as formal 'purity' and 'abstraction' as the characteristics of modern arts, could be made in the transition to the 20th's World, but also on what is the role and meaning of Eastern thoughts, which is popular in that time, for the new philosophical background of the artistic revolution. As a result, this study found that a lot of 'avant-garde' architects such as F. L. Wright, M. Mahony in Prairie School and L. Sullivan, D. Burnham, J. Root in Chicago School, and Lauweriks, H. P. Berlage who introduced Wright's works into the Europe, had possessed the 'Universal Philosophy' including Unitarianism, Transcendentalism, Deism, and Theosophy which are all influenced by Oriental religions and thoughts through historic western philosophers, although it is generally well-known that W. Kandinsky and P. Mondrian were belong to that. Furthermore, they gave attention to the Oriental religions and thoughts in that time, eventually made a historical progressive process of unification of thoughts between East and West. In a word, the new universalism was the philosophical background that made the artist's idea and presentation on 'from Being into Becoming'.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.5-9
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• 2000

Several nonpharmacological treatment methods of insomnia and their effects were reviewed. A long-term use of most hypnotics may produce tolerance, dependence, cognitive and psychomotor impairments at daytime, shallow sleep, and rebound insomnia on drug withdrawal. To reduce hypnotic abuse, nonpharmacological strategies have been developed to correct disordered behavioral and cognitive factors. These treatments aim at modifying maladaptive sleep habits, lowering physiological and cognitive arousal levels, and correcting dysfuctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep. These non-pharmacological or cognitive behavior treatments include stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation training, sleep hygiene education, cognitive therapy, and light therapy. Among them the stimulus control therapy has been demonstrated most effective as a single treatment or in combination with other treatments. Through nonpharmacological treatments, sleep latency was most significantly reduced and wake time after sleep onset was also reduced. About 50% of insomniacs reported clinical improvements in terms of nearly normalized sleep latency, awakening time, sleep efficiency, and reduction of hypnotic use. Compared to the hypnotic therapy, nonpharmacological treatments are more cost-effective and more readily accepted by patients, and their effects last longer.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권8호
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• pp.718-725
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• 2007

Sleep disorders are very common among pediatric patients. Its prevalence is between 10% and 45% in preschool- and school-aged children. However parents commonly do not concern about their children's sleeping habits and for many pediatricians, there is not part of the routine office visit about a childs sleep. Sleep disorders were classified by International Classification of Sleep Disorder (ICSD) as dyssomnias, parasomnias, sleep disorders associated with mental, neurologic, or other medical disorders, and proposed sleep disorders. There are lots of differences in the causes, manifestations, and managements of sleep disorders between children and adult. The sleep disorders in childhood may manifest themselves as bedtime resistance, refusal to go to bed at a parentally described time, sleep-onset delay, inability to fall asleep within a reasonable time, prolonged nighttime awakening, and inability to return to sleep without assistance after waking during the night, and so have wide-ranging influences on children's behavior, mood, school performance, and family life. It's very important for pediatrician to concern about the sleep disturbances in childhood and so the problems of sleep in children should be early detected and managed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2011

Purpose: Many patients have fear for surgery owing to the injection of lidocaine and the possible pain in the course of the operation. To resolve such a problem the cases to do plastic surgery with monitored anesthetic care are increasing, in which something like sedatives is injected into vein without endotracheal intubation and under voluntary respiration, but the usage is now under the controversy. Methods: There were 25 patients who had surgery with local anesthesia, and another 25 patients who had surgery with monitored anesthetic care which belongs to ASA class 1 and 2 from January to April, 2009. Their anesthesia records were collected and surveys were given before and after the surgery and the surgery staff recorded OAA/S during the surgery. The postoperative surveys included the awakening during the surgery, pain, anxiety, and the degree of patient's satisfaction through visual analogue scale to identify the difference between the two methods. Results: The OAA/S results according to time lapse show that it is possible to lead a fast effective sedation and recovery with monitored anesthetic care, and monitored anesthetic care enhances both surgeon's convenience level and patient's satisfaction level, and reduces awakening, pain, and anxiety, compared to local anesthesia. Conclusion: The current paper shows about the plastic surgery, particularly the outpatient surgery, when monitored anesthetic care method is applied, it could gain a fast sedation and recovery or an effective sedation of patients. The method also has some affirmative effects in regard with surgeon's convenience and the patients' satisfaction degree and the reduction of their awakening, pain, and anxiety. With careful and adequate watch on the measures about vital signs like electrocardiogram, the degree of oxygen saturation, and blood pressure, it could clinically be very useful.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제4권
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• pp.18-21
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• 1986

Liatris spicata 구경(球莖)의 휴면도입기(休眠導入期) 및 휴면각성기(休眠覺醒期)를 조사(調査)함과 동시(同時)에 GA처리(處理)에 의(依)한 휴면타파효과(休眠打破效果)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 맹아율(萌芽率), shooting율(率) 및 발근율(發根率)은 8월(月) 30일(日) 이후(以後) 서서히 저하(低下)되어 11월(月) 14일경(日頃) 가장 낮은 경향(傾向)을 보이다가 이후(以後) 서서히 증가(增加)하여 1월(月) 29일(日) 이후(以後)에는 모두 100%로써 매우 양호(良好)하였다. 2. 출아소요일수(出芽所要日數)에 있어서도 11월(月) 14일(日) 무처리구(無處理區)에 있어서 10.1일(日)로써 가장 길었으며 1월(月) 29일(日) 이후(以後)에는 급격(急激)히 단축(短縮)되었다. 3. 맹아(萌芽) 및 shooting 상태(狀態)를 봐서 대구지방(大邱地方)의 노지(露地)에서 Liatris spicata 구경(球莖)의 휴면도입기(休眠導入期)는 9월(月) 하순경(下旬頃), 휴면기(休眠期)는 11월(月) 중순경(中旬頃), 휴면각성기(休眠覺醒期)는 1월(月) 하(下)~2월(月) 초순경(初旬頃)이라고 사료(思料)된다. 4. 구경(球莖)의 휴면타파효과(休眠打破效果)는 GA 200ppm 1시간(時間) 침지처리(浸漬處理)로 효과(效果)가 인정(認定)되었으며 특히(特)히 휴면(休眠)이 깊을수록 그 효과(效果)는 더욱 증가(增加)되는 경향(傾向)을 보였다.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2000

This study was attempted to show basic data for search of nursing intervention about sleep improving in home and institute elderly peoples. Research design was cross-sectional survey method for comparison of sleep patterns and another variables between home and institute elderly peoples. Subjects were sampled by purpose as home and institute elderly peoples at age of 65 or older in Seoul or nearly. The survey questionnaire was used by modification of sleep questionnaire which Kim, O, Song & Bak(1997) developed. Data were collected between December, 1999 and April, 2000. And data were analyzed by SPSS PC+ for purpose of research. Results are as follows: 1. Home and institute elderly peoples, all were change of sleep patterns and sleep pattern was showed early sleeping down. But institute elderly peoples slept earlier than home elderly peoples. 2. As rest of morning, difficulty of falling asleep and disturbance of re-asleep, subjective thinking and feeling were showed more negative thing home elderly peoples than institute elderly peoples. As frequency of falling asleep within 5 min in 1 week, frequency of falling asleep over 30 min in 1 week and frequency of awakening in a day, objective frequency were showed more insomnia institute elderly peoples than home elderly peoples. Home elderly peoples didn't nap most and institute elderly peoples napped on very short time. 3. Regarding sleep-disturbing factors, physical factor was popularly joint-disturbance in all, home and institute elderly peoples. Environmental factor was popularly noise, particularly institute elderly peoples. Emotional factor wasn't all. 4. Practiced strategies for better sleep was popularly TV/Radio in home elderly peoples and were popularly regular sleep and religious action in institute elderly peoples. From the results of this study, home elderly peoples need nursing intervention of improving self-satisfaction on sleep and institute elderly peoples need nursing intervention of decreasing falling asleep-disturbing and decreasing frequency of awakening in sleep.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.167-175
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• 2023

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of occupational therapist's sleep quality and examine the correlation between sleep quality and job stress. We also investigated the effects of the occupational therapist's sleep quality on job stress. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the importance of sleep quality and find a way to reduce job stress in occupational therapists. Methods : We conducted a study from November 7 to from December 23, 2022. To assess sleep quality and job stress, sleep quality of scale and Korean occupational stress scale-SF (KOSS-SF) were used. The general characteristics, sleep quality, job stress were examined using a frequency analysis and presented with descriptive statistics. The pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine, whether there was a correlation between sleep quality and job stress. To find what factors have and effect on job stress, we conducted a multiple regression analysis. A significance level of α=.05 was used to verify statistical significance. Results : First, average sleep quality score was 2.10±.19. Second, a significant correlation was found between sleep quality and job stress (p<.01). And As a result of the relationship between sleep quality sub-factors and job stress, day time dysfunction (r=.23, p<.01), restoration (r=.18, p<.05), difficulty of falling asleep (r=.38, p<.01). difficulty of awakening (r=.36, p<.01), satisfaction (r=.33, p<.01) and difficulty of maintaining sleep (r=.24, p<.05) showed a statistically significant relationship with job stress. Third, the sub-factors of sleep quality influencing job stress were difficulty of falling asleep (β =.26, p<.01), difficulty of awakening (β=.23, p<.01) and satisfaction (β=.21, p<.01). Conclusion : The results of this study, demonstrated the importance of sleep quality in affecting job stress. Therefore, follow-up studies are, necessary to develop interventions to improve, occupational therapist's sleep quality in the future.

• 한국노년학
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.991-1007
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• 2008

본 연구는 60세 이상의 노인 463명을 대상으로 불면정도를 평가하고, 그 영향에 따라 우울 및 삶의 질에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 확인하기 위하여 실시되었다. 불면정도는 입면장애, 수면유지장애, 재입면 장애, 전반적인 수면양상의 네 가지 점수를 합산한 후 점수분포에 따라 정상, 경증, 중증으로 나누어 평가하였다. 우울은 변형된 Zung의 우울척도를 이용하고, 삶의 질은 SF-36을 이용하여 측정하였다. 자료의 분석은 SPSS 16.0 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도, 백분율, 평균과 표준편차, ${\chi}^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA와 Scheffe 분석, multiple regression을 실시하였다. 연구에 참여한 노인의 75.6%가 불면증상을 호소하였으며, 그 중에서 경증은 65.0%, 중증은 10.6%이었다. 일반적 특성에 따른 불면정도는 성별, 결혼 상태에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 수면관련 특성에 해당하는 평균 수면시간, 취침시간, 기상시간에 따라 불면정도가 다르게 나타났다. 일반적 특성 및 수면관련 특성을 통제하여 불면정도가 우울 및 삶의 질에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 불면정도가 중증인 경우 우울정도가 심한 것으로 나타났다. 삶의 질의 경우는 불면이 경증인 경우, 불면이 중증인 경우 모두 삶의 질이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과 불면증상을 호소하는 노인들은 불면정도를 고려한 간호중재가 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.357-367
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• 2022

Background: Low-dose dexmedetomidine may be a suitable alternative to opioids for pediatric ambulatory procedures under general anesthesia (GA). However, the recovery profile remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the effects of low-dose dexmedetomidine on the recovery profile of children. Methods: Seventy-two children undergoing ambulatory oral rehabilitation under GA were randomly and equally distributed into two groups (D and F). Group D received an infusion of dexmedetomidine 0.25 ㎍/kg for 4 min for induction, followed by maintenance of 0.4 ㎍/kg/h. Group F received an infusion of fentanyl 1 ㎍/kg over 4 min for induction, followed by maintenance at 1 ㎍/kg/h. The primary outcome was the extubation time. The secondary outcomes were awakening time, end-tidal sevoflurane (ET-Sevo) requirement, change in hemodynamic parameters, Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario pain scale (CHEOPS) score, length of PACU stay, and incidence of adverse events. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in the recovery profile between the groups: the median time for extubation was 3.65 (3.44-6.2) vs. 6.25 (4.21-7) minutes in groups D vs. F (P=0.001), respectively, while the corresponding awakening times were 19 (18.75-21) and 22.5 (22-24) minutes, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean ET-Sevo was low in group D (1.1 vs. 1.2; P < 0.001). The heart rate was significantly low across all time points in group D, without resulting in bradycardia. The median RASS and CHEOPS scores were also significantly lower in group D. No significant differences were observed in the mean arterial pressure, incidence of adverse events, or length of PACU stay. Conclusion: Low-dose dexmedetomidine was more effective than fentanyl as an opioid substitute at providing a better recovery profile in pediatric ambulatory oral rehabilitation under GA. Dexmedetomidine also significantly reduced sevoflurane consumption without causing adverse events or prolonging hospital stay.