• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 2012

This research is to figure out how people recognize and perceive on cosmetic attributions of imported brand and domestic brand. In other words, we are trying to analyze the brand images and figure out how they are different in demographic perspective. For this research, this research has been fulfilled from September 20th 2011 to November 5th. We have surveyed women with age between 20's to 50's. With 477 data, we have analyzed by using SPSS 18.0 Version of statistic package. We have used frequency analysis, t-test and one way ANOVA (chi-square test) for data processing method. By comparing and analyzing the 16 attribute types of imported and domestic cosmetics, there were no attention difference on 7 questionaries' but there were attention difference on 9 questionnaires'. 5 questionaries' which show higher recognition on domestic brand of cosmetic than imported brand were shown. 4questionaries' which show higher recognition on imported brand of cosmetic than domestic brand were shown. By examining the different recognitions between domestic brand and imported brand of cosmetics in demographic perspective, it did not show any attentive difference on domestic brand by district residence, age, academic ability, marriage, occupation and monthly income average. But it showed attentive difference on imported cosmetic brand. It showed that people who live in capital region, with younger age and who have not been married have high rate of preference on imported cosmetic brand. It also showed that people who have higher academic ability and with higher monthly income average have high rate of preference on imported cosmetic brand. Especially, specialized job showed highest preference.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of study was to extend the understanding and knowledge of hwa-byung by identify the relationship between anger and depression level in hwa-byung patients. Method : The subjects in this study were 69 hwa-byung patients who hwa-byung clinic in oriental hospital. The data were collected through the personal interviews with questionnaires and the period for data collection was from March. to June. 2001. The tools of the measurement were the anger scale that developed by Spielberg and translated by June, et al. The tools of the measurement were the Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D) that developed by Radloff and translated by Shin. The data was analyzed by the SPSS computer program that included the descriptive statistics, $X^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA and pearson correlation. Result : 1. The mean score for anger was 17.4, 24.9, and the mean score of depression was 20.3. 2. There was the significant difference in the score for anger according to the age(t=7.02, p=.000), the marital status(t=3.34, p=.001), the average monthly income(t=5.48, p=.000), the occupation (t=2.18, p=.031). 3. There was the significant difference in the score for depression according to the age(t=3.58, p=.016), education(t=6.35, p=.002), the average monthly income(t=11.37, p=.000), 4. Anger in Hwa-byung patients showed significant correlation with depression level(r=.405, p=.000). Conclusion : From this study, a relationship between anger and depression in hwa-byung patients was identified. Therefore, nursing interventions are needed to assessment anger and depression level with hwa-byung patients.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.183-192
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• 1993

The purpose of this epidermiological analysis was to evaluate the periodontal status of Korean young adults(twenties) in order to provide detail & baseline data for frequence of periodontal disease. Two hundred and fifty young adults, aged 20-29 years, were selected by random sampling. Dental visity, scaling treatment, education, income, toothbrushing frequence & method were checked, and plaque index(Loe and silness), calculus index(Ramfjord), gingival index(Loe and silness), attached gingival width, perio probing depth, gingival recession were measured. The obtained results were as follows. 1. Average plaque index(1.96), calculus index(1.43), gingival index(1.7) were higher in mandible than maxillar. It was most prevalent in lst molar. 2. Average attached gingival width(4.0mm) was wider in maxillar than mandible. It was most prominent in lateral incisor. 3. Pocket depth(>4mm) was distributed in 42% subject, it was higher in mandible than maxilla and most prevalent in 1st molar. 4. Gingival recession(>1mm) was distributed in 94% subject, it was higher in mandible than maxilla, and most prevalant in canine. 5. According to unpaired t-test, palque index, calculus index, gingival index were not statistically significant in history of scaling treatment, level of eduction and account of income, but were showed statistically significant in histrory of dental clinic.(PB0.05) 6. According to ANOVA test, correlation between tooth-brushing(frequence, method) and gingival index was showed statistically significant.(P<0.05) 7. There was gingival recessionof 87% subject in only one time brushing, 80% subject in two time, and 68% subject in three times. There was gingival recessionof 68% subject in leftright direction tooth brushing, 73% subject in upper-low method and 77% subject in combination method.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.91-106
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• 2002

To achieve these goals constituent dimensions and structural elements of the Japanese restaurants service quality are being investigated through the review of the food service industry and service. The survey about the importance and the Japanese restaurants was also conducted with a questionnaire to identify the tendency of customers who visited restaurants. These results and satisfactions hypotheses are being tested in the restaurant and the empirical research aye both conducted to achieve time research purposes. Japanese restaurants, located in the metropolitan area, are being selected as the object limits of the survey. Eighty-seven questionnaires are being distributed three kinds restaurants which means total 250 for all, and from which 230 are being analyzed. Frequency and $\chi$$^2$test were applied for the general matters and the conditions of object while Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and factor analysis were applied for reliability and validity. t-test was attempted to fine the importance and the satisfaction of the service quality. Also ANOVA was utilized. After examining the results of this survey, few facts were apparent. First the number of male ana female customers in the Japanese restaurants are divided evenly in about 55% of male customers and 45% of female customers. However, these people have a wide variety of jos. Another evident fact present on this survey shows that customers eating at a less expensive restaurants have a income of 1,000,000 won where as the expensive or high-end restaurants have customers with higher income than average. The price sensitive customers studied in this survey shows that they spend on average 30,000 to 70,000 won per person in the less expensive establishments. Therefore, with some service quality restructuring, application of new systems and ideas these restaurants could efficiently maximize their profit margin. Customers also showed that lower prices in lunch time would be an appealing incentive to deviate from standard lunch time 〈12:00~13:00〉and menu specials would be of interest to deviate from busy dinner time. In conclusion, since restaurants in the middle range category are not so many restaurants in lower range have a chance to maximize their profit. This study clearly shows that even the lower-end restaurants could raise their profit margin by incorporating new marketing techniques and by improving the service level of their restaurants.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.45-64
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• 1987

In this study the phenomenon of commodity substitution of housework is approach in the contexts of economic system, patriachal family system and housework-related human resources. the objectives of this study are as follows: (1) To measure the level of commodity substitution of housework in large cities. (2)To investigate the factors influencing commodity substitution of housework. The samples were composed of 982 housewives dwelling in 6 large cities including Seoul. The statistics used for data analysis were frequency distribution, percetile. multiple regression analysis. The major findings are the following; (1) When the housework was divided into two subdomains , in the domain of food the purchase level was for below average while in the domain of clothes, the level was quite higher than average. This result hows that commodity substitution has become more common in the domain of clothes by mass production of clothes on a commercial scale. (2) the level of commodity substitution of housework was influenced by the family attribute variables such as housewife's age, family income. housewife's education, family types, housewife's brought-up regions, presence of sewing machine, employment status of housewife, by one patriarchal norm variable such as home-orientedness, and by tow human resource variables such as importance of housework and household tasks performance competnecy. Among variables house wife's age was the most influential one and such variables as family income, housewife's education, household task performance competency, importance of housework, and home-orientedness were also important. Considering that the influence of home-orientedness demonstrates the importance of patriarchy and that importance of housework and that performance competency also are determined by the patriarchal variables such as sex-role attitude and home-orientedness, we can conclude that Hartmann's theoretical approach with which the changes of housework were explained in the two contexts of economic system and family system is applied to the changes of housework in Korea.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.503-532
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• 2009

This study aims at identifying any difference in the quality of life according to the patterns of living together in the family for the aged women who live in the rural areas. The findings of this study can be summarized in brief. First, those aged women who live alone showed a higher ratio of works like farming with less average income and less perception of living standards but better ADL than those of the aged women who live together with their family. Second, as a result of logistic regression analyses to identify factors to predict the patterns of living together in the family for the aged women in the rural areas, those aged women who live alone showed more cases of farming, higher ADL level, higher degree of economical preparations and more perception of intimacy with their offspring than those of aged women who live together with their family. Unlike these results, those aged women who live together with their family have less average income, more phone calls with their neighbor and higher quality of life that those of aged women who live alone. Third, as a result of impact variables in the quality of life by the pattern of living together in the family for the aged women in the rural areas, those aged women who live together their family showed higher quality of life with better preparations for the health, emotion and economy for their aged life, and with less number of offspring and more frequency of phone calls with their neighbor. In addition, those aged women who live along in the rural areas showed higher quality of life with better emotional preparations, better economic preparations, more number of offspring, more friendly with their neighbor and more emotional supports.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.515-521
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the diet of children under the government-funded meal support program. The 143 children (67 boys and 76 girls) participated in this study among $4^{th}-6^{th}$ elementary school students receiving free lunches during the summer vacation of 2007 and living in Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea. The subjects consisted of four groups supported by Meal Box Delivery (n = 26), Institutional Foodservice (n = 53), Restaurant Foodservice (n = 27), or Food Delivery (n = 37). A three-day 24-hour dietary recall and a self-administered survey were conducted. In addition, the children's heights and weights were measured. The average energy intake of the children was 1,400 kcal per day, much lower than the Estimated Energy Requirements of the pertinent age groups. The results also showed inadequate intake of all examined nutrients; of particular concern was the extremely low intake of calcium. On average, the children consumed eight dishes and 25 food items per day. The children supported by Meal Box Delivery consumed more various dishes and food items than the other groups. The percentage of children preferring their current meal support method was the highest in those supported by Meal Box Delivery and the lowest in those supported by Food Delivery. We requested 15 children among the 143 children participating in the survey to draw the scene of their lunch time. The drawings of the children supported by Institutional Foodservice showed more positive scenes than the other groups, especially in terms of human aspects. In conclusion, the overall diet of children under the government-funded meal support program was nutritionally inadequate, although the magnitude of the problems tended to differ by the meal support method. The results could be utilized as basic data for policy and programs regarding the government-funded meal support program for children from low-income families.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 2000

The nutritional and health status of low-income alone-living elderly(ALE) was assessed in relation to the activity of daily living (ADL) and nutritional risk factors. One hundred and eighty five ALE over 65 years old, living in the Sungnam area, were interviewed in their homes through questionnaires. The results were as follows : 63.6% of the subjects considered themselves in poor the health and only 4.3% of them considered thermselves healthy. 89.7% of the subjects answered that they were suffering from illness and 29.7% were taking medication. The ADL was assessed through 10 checklist items and the average score of the ADL was $84.78{\pm}11.11$(maximum :100) The nutritional risk index(NRI) was evaluated by 12 risk factors and the average score of the NRI was $4.43{\pm}1.38$ (maximumː12) The scores of the ADL were positively correlated with the scored of the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)(r=0.7523, p<0.001) and negatively correlated with NRI(r= -0.2694, p<0.001) When subjects were divided into nutritionally high risk group(HNARI: TEX>$NRI{\geq}5$) and nutritionally low risk group(LNRI : NRI<5) according to the USA screening basis, 48.9% of the subjects belonged to the HNRI, But 16.9% of the HNRI and 34.4% of the LNRI belonged to the fourth quartile($Q_{0.75}$) of the ADL, the distribution of which showed significant differences(p<0.05) We suggest that the application of the ADL as a screening tool for nutrition intervention programs for the elderly. Oncemore, further research is needed to develop appropriate checklist items for the ADL and NRI along with the screening basis for the NRI 새 diagnose the adverse nutritional status of the Korean elderly.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.738-747
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting the baby boom generation's preparation for old age, and based on that, it will provide foundational data to improve the baby boom generation's preparation for life in old age. According to the study results, with regard to their socio-demographic characteristics, their sex, age, health conditions, average monthly income, attitudes to old age, and anxiety about aging may have significant effects on their preparation for old age. In other words, the degree of preparation for old age is higher in women than men, those who are older, those having better health conditions, those with higher average monthly income, and those with better attitudes to old age, and those whose anxiety about aging is lower. Based on the above study results, the paper intends to make the following political suggestions: first, it is needed to develop preparation for old age services appropriately for each generation's needs and characteristics in consideration of their socio-demographic characteristics. Second, it is necessary to provide education for preparation for life in old age by steps and change their consciousness to enhance their attitudes to old age. Third, it is needed to develop and distribute a variety of mental health programs that can lower their anxiety about aging.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.31-56
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• 2009

This paper analyzes the determinants of the employment status of the NURI-project-teams' college and university graduates in Busan area. The major results are as follows: First, education level, household income, grade point average and certificate turn out to be significant variables to decide employment or spell of unemployment. Second, parents' education level, household income, the size of project team, the firm size are shown to affect employment in Busan. In particular, the bigger the firm is, the probability of getting job in Busan is getting smaller. And there are two sides of provincial university graduates' moving into the Metropolitan area; the voluntary move and the involuntary move. Third, sex., education level, major, grade point average, the size of project team etc, are found to be significant determinants of wage level.