• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2016

Background: The study aimed to determine the type of capsular insertion and the extent of capsular elongation in anterior shoulder instability by quantitatively evaluating their computed tomography arthrographic (CTA) findings, and to investigate the correlation of these parameters with surgical outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 71 patients who underwent CTA and arthroscopic capsulolabral reconstruction for anterior shoulder instability between April 2004 and August 2008. The control group comprised 72 patients diagnosed as isolated type II superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesion during the period. Among the 143 patients, 71 were examined with follow-up CTA at an average 13.8 months after surgery. It was measured the capsular length and cross-sectional area at two distinct capsular regions: the 4 and 5 o'clock position of the capsule. Results: With regards to the incidence of the type of anterior capsular insertion, type I was more common in the control group, whereas type III more common than in the instability group. Anterior capsular length and cross-sectional area were significantly greater in the instability group than in the control group. Among patients of the instability group, the number of dislocations and the presence of anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion lesion were significantly associated with anterior capsular redundancy. Postoperatively, recurrence was found in 3 patients (4.2%) and their postoperative capsular length and cross-sectional area were greater than those of patients without recurrence. Conclusions: Capsular insertion type and capsular redundancy derived through CTA may serve as important parameters for the management of anterior shoulder instability.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.169-173
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• 2006

This study used loess from the source region of Asian dust (a desert area in China) to analyze the effects of Asian dust on fruiting and fruit quality in Korean fruit trees. Asian dust and loess from the source region were highly alkaline compared to average Korean field soil. Organic material contents of Asian dust were about three times as high as that of the average field soil. Loess was dusted onto the stigma of apple, pear, and peach trees. fruiting, seed number, fruit quality and pollen tube elongation were investigated. Pollination and fertilization were not influenced while pollen tube elongation was slightly influenced. Consequently, fruiting, seed number and fruit quality were not affected by the dusting treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.274-277
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• 2009

There have been a number of works on manufacturing ultrafine grained steels with average ferrite grain sizes of smaller than a few micrometers to develop beneficial high strength steels. Among microstructures in low carbon steels, lath martensite is known to be useful to produce an ultrafine grained ferrite matrix and finely globular cementite particle. Thus, severe plastic deformation and subsequent annealing at lower temperature of lath martensite would become an effective way to produce ultrafine grained steels. However, most ultrafine grained steels exhibited a total elongation of a few per cent in tensile tests. Such a defect is one of the primary factors restricting the potential applications of ultrafine grained steels. Therefore, the improvement of the strength-elongation balance is required for the application of ultrafine grained structural steels. In this study, the effect of deformation temperatures on microstructure, such as ferrite grain size and the distribution of cementite particles, and mechanical property of lath martensite steels, was investigated. Specimens were fabricated through cold rolling or warm rolling and subsequent annealing.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1998

Starch-polyethylene films containing high molecular weight(NW) oxidized-polyethylene and prooxidant were prepared , and thermal -and bio-degradability of the films were determined. Increased levels of starch resulted in a corresponding reduction in mechanical strength of the films. However, the addition of high MW oxidized-polyethylene did not significantly reduce the percent elongation of the films. Thefilms containing high MW oxidized-polyethylene andproosicant were degreaded faster than those containing no aadditive during the heat treatment. The films lost their measureable mechanical properties when their weight-average MW(Mw) fell below 50,000. Biodegradability of the films was determined by a pure culture assay with either Streptomyces badius 252.S. setonii 75Vi2 or S. viridosporous T7A, and by an extracellulr enzyme assay using S. setonii 75vi2. The results from pure culture assay indicated that biomass accumulation on the film surface inhibited chemical and biological degradation of the films. The extracellular enzyme assay demonstrated decrease of percent elongation and increase of carbonyl index of the films. Therefore, extracellular enzyme assay could be used as a good method to evaluate biodegradability of the films.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06d
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• pp.871-877
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• 2001

Experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of axial forcing on the flame structures near the nozzle exit of non-premixed flame. The most notable observation is that the direction of vortical motions is changed at some ranges, according to the increase of excitation amplitude. Especially, the elongation flame and the phenomenon of In-burning are always occurred when the vortical motion turnabout. In an analysis of the flame/flow visualization by means of direct photography and RMS technique, a plausible explanation can be made that above phenomena are related only to the amplitude of phase average velocity between the instantaneous velocity elements of excited flow.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.558-565
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• 1995

Effects of high Si-P addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of thin ductile cast iron have been investigated. The amount of silicon addition have fixed on 4.0wt% and the amounts of phosphorus addition and thickness of specimen have been varied from 0.05 to 0.8wt% and ${\phi}13mm$, ${\phi}10mm$ and ${\phi}6mm$, respectively. As the casting thickness decreased, the average diameter of spheroidal graphite was decreased and the hardness of the cast iron increased. By adding P, the average diameter of spheroidal graphite was increased and the count of the spheroidal graphite was decreased continuously. And the tensile strength and the elongation was decreased, and the hardness was increased. With the P added more than 0.2wt%, the abraded amount was decreased significantly. The addition of P improved the wear resistance and the hardness of thin ductile cast iron.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.326-326
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• 2017

Climate warming is the issue on the global scale. Soybean can be seriously damaged when high temperature occurs during a reproductive stage such as the flowering and pod-setting period according to the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) (2021~2100) 8.5 scenarios. The weather in 2016 was very different from other years (average for 30 years from 1980 to 2010) ; the highest temperature was $33.7^{\circ}C$ which was higher $3.29^{\circ}C$ than average temperature from last 30 years and average rainfall was 26.5 mm, lower 140.9 mm than average rainfalls from other years. Especially, the highest temperature during soybean flow-ering and pod setting stage was $26.8^{\circ}C$ which was higher $0.1^{\circ}C$ and rainfall was 172.2 mm, higher 47.8 mm than other years from the first to the 20th in the October at soybean seed elongation stage. Soybean leaves were turned upside down by the drought stress during the flowering and pod-setting stage. The numbe-r of pods and seeds per unit area decreased 11.0% and 30.3% compared with the previous year, respectively. The ripening period was prolonged by 21 days because of high temperature and soil moisture contents due to the continual rainmade increase of the seed weight up to 15.6% and the yield decreased 7.1% compared to the previous year.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.502-511
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• 1994

Investigated were the relationships between plumule elongation characteristics and seedling emergence of 98 varieties including native, improved and red rice varieties of Korea, and varieties from U.S.A., Italy, Japan, etc. under proper and excess soil moisture regimes. Under excess soil moisture condition the seedling emergence and establishment rates were much lower in most of the varieties and the seedling emergence rates were delayed substantially in all varieties employed. The seedling emergence rates were lowest in dwarf and some semi-dwarf varieties showing poor plumule elongation under proper soil moisture condition. The seedling emergence and establishment rates were significantly correlated with the length of mesocotyl, coleoptile and incomplete leaf under both soil moisture regimes, and with the lower first and second internode length under excess soil moisture condition. Average emergence duration showed significant negative correlation with the length of mesocotyl, coleoptile and incomplete leaf under both soil moisture regimes and significant positive correlations with the first and third lower internode length. Based on the standardized partial regression analysis only the variations of mesocotyl and coleoptile length contributed significantly to the varietal difference in seedling establishment rate, and so did the variations of mesocotyl and incomplete leaf length to the varietal differences in emergence speed. In conclusion varieties with greater elongation characteristics of mesocotyl, coleoptile and incomplete leaf are desirable for higher and speedy seedling establishment in dry-direct seeding.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.318-331
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• 1996

Large and small seeds (44 and 22 mg per caryopsis) of a spring wheat (cv. Kulin) and a spring barley (cv. Skiff) were sown at two nitrogen rates (equivalent to 10 and 32 g m$^{-2}$ ) in well-watered pots under outdoor conditions to determine the effects of seed size and nitrogen (N) nutrition on water use efficiency (WUE) and carbon isotope discrimination ($\Delta$) and to evaluate interaction among $\Delta$, WUE and N nutrition in wheat and barley. Barley produced, on average, 105% more biomass (root＋shoot dry weight) than wheat at stem elongation because of early vigor. By anthesis this difference had disappeared as wheat had 16% more biomass than barley which headed 3 days earlier. Compared to plants grown from small seed, plants grown from large seed had much greater biomass in wheat than in barley at stem elongation and anthesis. Higher N nutrition increased average biomass of wheat and barley by 40 and 31%, respectively, at anthesis. Barley had 35 and 20% greater WUE (biomass gained/transpiration) than wheat at stem elongation and anthesis, respectively, and 2.0 to 3.6% lower $\Delta$ in aboveground shoots depending on growth stages and plant parts than wheat which had a greater stomatal conductance than barley. Seed size had a variable effect on WUE and did not affected $\Delta$ values. Water use efficiency was not affected by N rate at stem elongation in wheat and barley whereas WUE was increased 2 and 7%, respectively, in wheat and barley at anthesis with increasing N from 10 to 32 g m$^{-2}$ . High N plants had about 2.5% lower $\Delta$ values regardless of growth stages than low N plants across species and seed sizes. Carbon isotope discrimination was negatively correlated with WUE at anthesis but not at stem elongation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2020

This study was conducted to compare the effects of foliar spray and sub-irrigation of the triazole fungicide diniconazole on the regulation of stem elongation and to investigate the stimulation of root system development during the seedling stage. Comparing the two application approaches, there were significant differences in the leaf area, leaf area ratio (LAR), plant height, compactness, fresh shoot and root production, relative growth rate (RGR), and root to shoot ratio (R/S). At the same application concentration, the sub-irrigation showed a better retarding effect on growth than the foliar spray, because the PGR activity of diniconazole in root absorption was higher than that in shoot absorption. For reaching a target of 20% to 30% inhibition rate of stem length, foliar application concentration of diniconazole exceeded 10, however, only approximately 1 was required in the sub-irrigation application. The root system of tomato seedlings responded strongly to diniconazole application. Total root length, root volume, root average diameter, and the number of root tips increased when diniconazole was sub-irrigation application at 1. A reduction in fine roots (diameter range of 0 to 0.3 mm) and an increase in the roots with a diameter range of 0.3 to 0.6 mm was observed, and this may contribute to the increase in average diameter. The increase in root average diameter may be positive because root penetration increases with root diameter. Our results suggested that sub-irrigation maximized the PGR activity of diniconazole to enhance the retarding effect. And it also possible to enhance the tomato seedling root system by diniconazole stimulating with a lower concentration.