• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.4951-4957
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• 2016

Background: Apart from reducing occupational exposure to cytotoxic hazards, the PhaSeal(R) closed-system transfer device (CSTD) can extend the beyond-use dates (BUDs) of unfinished vials of antineoplastic drugs for up to 168 hours (seven days). In this study, the total material cost incurred by its use in a Malaysian government-funded hospital was calculated. Methods: A list of vial stability following initial needle punctures of 29 commonly-used antineoplastic drugs was compiled. The amount of the materials used, including drugs, infusion bottles, the PhaSeal(R) CSTD and other consumables, was recorded on a daily basis for three months in 2015. The total cost was calculated based on the actual acquisition costs, and was compared with that of a hypothetical scenario, whereby conventional syringe-needle sets were used for the same amounts of preparations. Results: The use of the PhaSeal(R) CSTD incurred a cost of MYR 383,634.52 (USD 92,072.28) in three months, representing an average of MYR 170.5 (USD 40.92) per preparation or an estimated annual cost of MYR 1,534,538.08 (USD 368,289.14). Compared with conventional syringe-needle approach, it is estimated to lead to an additional spending of MYR 148,627.68 (USD 35,670.64) yearly. Conclusion: Although there was a reduction of drug wastage achieved by extending BUDs of unfinished vials using the PhaSeal(R) CSTD, cost saving was not observed, likely attributable to the wide use of lower-priced generic drugs in Malaysia. Future studies should further evaluate the possibility of cost saving, especially in health settings where branded and high-cost antineoplastic drugs are more commonly used.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.233-250
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• 2008

본 연구는 사회복지분야에서는 그다지 시도되지 않았던 원가분석 방법과 특성을 검토하고, 장애인복지관 20개소를 대상으로 실제 장애인복지관서비스의 원가분석 결과를 사례로 제시하여 사회복지서비스 원가분석에 대한 함의를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구는 2002년 12월 기준 전국 장애인복지관 95개소 중 20개소를 최종적으로 분석하였다. 분석목적을 위해 해당 복지관의 2002년 세입 세출결산서와 연간사업실적보고서를 사용하였으며, 분석대상 복지관 실무자를 대상으로 중요도, 난이도, 업무비중에 근거하여 서비스별 가중치 조사를 실시하여 반영하였다. 원가분석방법으로는 '활동기준원가분석'(activity-based costing)이 아닌 '전통적 원가분석방법'(traditional cost accounting)을 사용하였다. 분석결과 2002년 기준 장애인복지관의 세출평균은 12억 6천 여 만원이며 이 가운데 65.8%는 인건비로, 13.2%는 재활사업비로 집행된 것으로 파악되었다. 서비스원가사례로 재가복지생활지원서비스의 경우 60분 기준 26,922원으로 직업상담직능평가의 경우 120분 기준 143,355원으로 계산되었다. 이러한 원가에는 낮은 임금수준 및 부동산비용 등이 반영되지 않아 실제 시장가격은 훨씬 높을 것으로 추정된다. 분석 결과는 추후 서비스의 중단, 축소, 확대, 자원배분 등 프로그램과 관련한 의사결정에 더 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.838-843
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• 2008

Cause of struggling to escape from dependency of fossil fuels, the fuel cell and the Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) draw attention in the all of the world. Especially, the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) systems have been anticipated for next generation's energy supplying system, and we can predict the PHEV will enlarge the market share in the next few years to reduce not only the air pollution in the metropolis but the fuel-expenses of commuters. This paper presents simulation results about the strategy of smart charging system for PHEV in the residential house which has 1 kW PEMFC cogeneration system. The smart charging system has a function of recommending the best time to charge the battery of PHEV by the lowest energy cost. The simulated energy cost for charging the battery based on the electricity demand data pattern in the house. The house which floor area is $132\;m^2$ (40 pyeong.). In these conditions, the annual gasoline, electricity, and total energy cost to fuel the PHEV versus Conventional Vehicle (CV) have been simulated in terms of cars' average life span in Korea.

• 지질동맥경화학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.61-77
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• 2016

Objective: This study aims to analyze cost-effectiveness of two most-commonly used statins from the perspective of the Korean national health system. Methods: The scope of the analysis included rosuvastatin (5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg) and atorvastatin (10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, and 80 mg). Effectiveness was defined as percentage (%) and absolute (mg/dL) reductions of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from the baseline. They were derived from published randomized controlled studies for rosuvastatin and atorvastatin. Effectiveness was defined as reductions in LDL-C levels per mg dose of the drugs. The annual direct medical costs including drug acquisition costs and monitoring costs over the one-year time horizon were calculated for each alternative. The average cost-effectiveness ratios (ACERs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for each statin dose were calculated. Results: The ACERs for all doses of rosuvastatin (5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg) were lower than those for all doses of atorvastatin (10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, and 80 mg). Rosuvastatin 10 mg was the most cost-effective statin for LDL-C reduction. In cost-effectiveness analyses for corresponding doses of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin, rosuvastatin was the superior strategy which suggests both higher effectiveness and lower costs than atorvastatin. However, we have to consider this analysis is highly influenced by current price of statins in each market. Conclusion: For reduction of LDL-C levels in Korean patients with dyslipidemia, rosuvastatin 10mg is the most cost-effective statin in the current Korean market.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1061-1068
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to develop a recycling system for ozone off-gas. Although the ozone transmission rate of the injector method differs slightly depending on the ozone injection rate, it reaches approximately 99%, which is very high. During the increase in water inflow to the ozone recycling system from 2 L/min to 10 L/min, the average ozone recycling rate was 99.4% at a 1 ppm ozone injection rate, 98.6% at a 2 ppm ozone injection rate, 98.1% at a 3 ppm ozone injection rate. Ozone treatment facility operating costs can be divided into the costs of pure oxygen production, ozone production, and maintenance. The annual operating costs of ozone treatment facilities in Korea are estimated to be approximately 38.9 billion won. The annual savings are estimated to be approximately 5.8 billion won when the ozone transfer rate of the diffuser method, which is mostly employed in domestic water treatment plants, is 85% and 15% of the ozone is recycled.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2017

본 연구는 뇌혈관질환자의 년간 총직접비용에 대하여 조사하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 2012년 한국의료패널 조사자 중 2012년 한 해 동안 뇌혈관질환으로 응급, 입원, 외래서비스를 1건 이상 이용하였다고 응답한 265명을 대상으로 하였다. 뇌혈관질환자 일반사항은 2012년에 한국의료패널 응답자 중 뇌혈관질환으로 응급, 입원, 외래서비스를 이용한 응답자의 비율이다. 연구방법은 응급, 입원, 외래서비스의 평균의료비와 가중평균을 적용하여 직접비용을 산출한 후 년간 총직접비용을 산출하였다. 연구결과는 뇌혈관질환자가 1인당 연 평균 본인부담 의료비 지출액은 약 561,934원이고, 남성은 669,557원, 여성은 448,696원이다. 건강보험 가입자의 경우 뇌혈관질환으로 인한 1인당 본인부담액은 평균 634,459원이고 의료급여 수급자는 160,236원이었다. 뇌혈관질환자가 265명의 연 평균 총직접비용은 약 162,165,690이고, 남성은 193,223,955원, 여성은 129,486,685이다. 건강보험가입자의 경우 뇌혈관질환으로 인한 1인당 총직접비용은 평균 183,095,125원이고 의료급여 수급자는 46,241,705원이었다. 가구소득별로 보면, 가구 소득 3분위에 속한 환자는 672,268원으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 5분위에 속한 환자는 108,970,650원 으로 뇌혈관질환자의 총직접비용이 가장 낮았다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.453-472
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• 2014

2015년부터 도입예정인 탄소 배출권거래제의 파급효과를 분석하는 데 있어서 산업별, 기업별 $CO_2$ 저감비용에 대한 정확한 산정이 요구된다. 기업이 환경규제 등 제약된 환경에서 생산 활동을 할 경우 생산요소의 투입과정에서 비효율적 배분으로 인한 생산비용의 증가가 초래되어 비용최소화 달성에 실패할 개연성이 높아진다. $CO_2$ 암묵가격을 측정한 기존 거리함수접근법은 투입요소 간 비효율적 배분 비용을 반영하지 못함에 따라 $CO_2$ 저감비용을 과소평가할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 거리함수접근법의 한계를 극복하기 위하여 국내 철강업을 대상으로 비용함수접근법을 사용하여 1990-2010 기간 동안 투입요소 간 비효율적 배분 여부를 검증하고, $CO_2$ 한계저감비용을 추정하였다. 투입요소 간 배분 효율성 달성은 기각되었으며, 표본기간 동안 $CO_2$ 1톤 감축하는 데 연평균 92,000원의 비용을 지불한 것으로 나타났다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.88-95
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• 2007

Korea is highly dependent on foreign countries for energy while at the same time having a high energy-consumption industrial structure. Therefore, logical improvements in energy use efficiency and nationwide energy saving are becoming more and more important in coping with the worldwidehigh oil prices and environmental issues such as listed in the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Consequently, a study was conducted on the average annual load factor in domestic areas to set a reasonable and reliable technology standard plan for high-efficiency transformers. The average annual load factor in Korea was discovered to be 18.4[%] classified by industry. This factor is expected to be used in arranging a domestic standard for a minimum efficiency system for transformers, and in reviewing and supplementing the standard transformers plan for the High Energy-Efficiency Appliance Certification. The expected effect from the establishment of the technology standards plan for highly efficient transformers is the expansion of the manufacturing and distribution of highly efficient transformers that are suitable for domestic use. These will lead to electricity cost savings for users, strengthening the related industries' market competitive powers and the effective reduction of greenhouse gases on a national level by drastically reducing loss from transformers, which accounts for a large portion of the total electric supply losses.

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.127-138
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• 2014

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to analyze the state of hospital-based home care (HC) services annually and to provide basic information for research and policy regarding home care. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of the yearly state of HC services from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Services from 2007 to 2012. Results: The decreased by 34.6%, from 214 agencies in 2007 to 140 in 2012. The annual average number of active home care nurses was 440, which included 6.7% of the licensed home care nurses until 2012. The annual average number of HC patients were 32,000, and this number decreased by 21% in 2012, compared to that of 2008. Of the HC patients, about 70% were over 60 years of age. The chronic diseases among HC patients have been decreasing steadily since 2007. Seventy to eighty percent of the home visits were made in general hospitals or higher level hospitals. The total medical cost for HC services was 21 billion won in 2007, which consisted of 0.06% of the national medical costs, and it was 22 billion won and 0.03% in 2012. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, further research on HC services is necessary to frame policies for the expansion of HC agencies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 1995

In this study an attempt was made to evaluate the economics of dairy farming in selected areas of Bangladesh. Data from 20 randomly selected farms were collected by survey method. Results show that cross-bred cows were more in number (2.55) in those farms than that of local cows (0.65). The number of cross-bred cows increased as the farm sizes increased. The production of milk per cross-bred cow was higher (5.66 litres) than the local ones (2.23 litres). Highest (5.74 litres) milk yield per cross-bred cow was recorded in large farms. The average lactation period for crossbred cows was higher (304 days) than the local cows (210 days). In production cost of farms, concentrates took the highest share (35.19%) followed by labour charges (23.64%). The production cost and gross returns for mini dairy farms were higher in large farms (TK. 183,005 and TK. 187,544, respectively), compared to medium and small farms. The benefit-cost ratio of all farms was 1 : 1.03, indicating that mini dairy farming is economically profitable. In addition, each farm created an annual employment opportunity of 649.70 man-days which was met by both male and female labourers. The small farms employed more female family labourers while the large farms depended more on hired labourers. The expansion of dairy farming with cross-bred cows is suggested for accelerating income and employment opportunities in rural Bangladesh.