• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.327-334
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• 2016

In order to compare phosphorus (P) behavior of livestock manure compost (LMC) and chemical fertilizer (CF) applied to the sea-reclaimed land soils, incubation experiments were conducted for five weeks. Four soils differing textural classes, sandy loam and clay loam, and electric conductivity (EC) value, high and low, were applied with CF and LMC. LMC was applied at the level of 0, 1, 2, and 3% on the soil weight basis and CF was applied at the same levels of P as LMC. The results showed that increase of P application rate of CF and LMC led to linearly increase available $P_2O_5$ and $0.01M\;CaCl_2$ extractable P contents regardless of soil texture and EC. However, 0.01M $CaCl_2$ extractable P from soil applied with CF was significantly higher than with LMC. Correlation analysis between $0.01M-CaCl_2$ extractable P and fractionated P by different extraction methods showed that $0.01M-CaCl_2$ extractable P positively correlated with KCl-P (soluble and exchangeable P) and HCl-P (Ca and Mg bound P). However, NaOH-P (Fe and Al bound P and organic P) and residual P was adverse. The amount of NaOH-P significantly influenced to the amount of 0.01M $CaCl_2$ extractable P of CF and LMC in the soils. The application of LMC at sandy loam soil could be carried out in the consideration of nutrient leaching and crop uptake.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.807-817
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• 2004

The modified biochemical oxygen demand (MBOD) were conducted to evaluate the water quality and fertility in the Mangyeong river from november 2002 to april 2003. MBOD method was used to evaluate algal growth potentials and their limiting factors. MBOD depends on the amount of available inorganic nutrient and organic substrate during 5-day incubation in the dark condition at $20^{\circ}C.$ The MBOD assay depends on inorganic nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen as well as reduced carbon as called MBOD, MBOD-P, and MBOD-N, respectively. The concentration of pollutants were in the range of 3.08～48.36 mg/L for COD. The concentration of nutrients were in the range of 0.37～111.62 mg/L for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and 0.00～1.03 mg/L for dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP). The results of MBOD bioassay showed that the MBOD, MBOD-P and MBOD-N values were 15～173 mg $O_2/L,$ 13～165 mg $O_2/L$ and 66～175 mg $O_2/L$ ranges, respectively. The MBOD values are found to be the highest in Iksan River and the lowest in Hari River throughout the Mangyeong River. The relationships of MBOD, MBOD-P and MBOD-N in MBOD method were generally found in MBOD$\risingdotseq$ MBOD-P$\risingdotseq$MBOD-N. But the result of Gosan was appeared to MBOD$\risingdotseq$MBOD-N > MBOD-P. The MBOD-N value was higher 3 to 5 times than the MBOD-P value in the Gosan station. The algal growth potentials expressed as the concentration of chlorophyll-a were maximum 20 times more than algal biomass in the water column.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.469-479
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• 1995

The increase of population and industrial activities had brought into eutrophication in the Nakdong river. A remarkable acceleration of eutrophication brought about serious problems for water supply. Therefore, for the purpose of conservation of water quality in the Nakdong river it is necessary to control nutrients. MBOD method was use to evaluate algal growth limiting factor and algal growth potential in the Nakdong river from June to August 1994. The modified biochemical oxygen demand(MBOD) depends on the amount of available inorganic nutrient and organic substrate during 5 day incubation in the dark at 2$0^{\circ}C$. The MBOD assay depends on inorganic nutrients such as P and N as well as reduced carbon and called the MBOD, the MBOD-P, and the MBOD-N, respectively. The results of bioassay by MBOD(Modified BOD) method showed that the MBOD, MBOD-P and MBOD-N value were found to be in the ranges of 3.8~96.0 mg$O_2$/l, 5.6~94.0 mg$O_2$/l and 42.0~220 mg$O_2$/l, respectively. And the the bioassay value was found to be the highest in Koryong area and the lowest in Waekwan area throughout the Nakdong river. The variations of MBOD-P and MBOD-N value showed similar tendencies to the variations of phosphorus and nitrogen value, respectively. By MBOD method, the relationships of MBOD, MBOD-P and MBOD-N value were MBOD ≒ MBOD-P 《 MBOD-N. The MBOD value was nearly equal to the MBOD-P value, and the MBOD-N value was 3 to 20 times more than the MBOD-P value, approximately. Therefore, in the Nakdong river, phosphorus was the limiting factor for algal growth during summer season. The algal growth potential as the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the summer was maximum 5 times more than standing crop as it.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1749-1754
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• 2014

The current experiment was designed to evaluate the efficacy of adding the multi-enzyme mixture (Natuzyme) into layers' diets with different levels of energy and available phosphorus in relation to laying performance, egg qualities, blood cholesterol level, microflora and intestinal viscosity. Two hundred and fifty 43-wk-old Hy-Line commercial layers were divided into five groups with five replicates per group (10 birds per replicate) and fed one of five experimental diets. A corn and soybean meal-based control diet was formulated and used as a control diet. Two experimental control diets were formulated to reduce energy and crude protein contents (rE) or energy, crude protein and phosphorus contents (rEP). In addition, Natuzyme was added into either rE (rE-Natu500) or rEP (rEP-Natu500) diet to reach a concentration of 500 mg per kg of diet. The experiment lasted 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg qualities such as eggshell color or Haugh unit, total cholesterol, relative organ weights and cecal microflora profiles between any dietary treatments. Natu500 supplementation into the rE diet, but not rEP diet significantly increased egg mass and eggshell qualities such as strength and thickness, but it decreased cecal ammonia concentration and intestinal viscosity in laying hens. In conclusion, the present study shows that adding multiple enzyme preparation could improve performance of laying hens fed energy and protein restricted diets.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.50-59
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• 2008

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the role of the arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungus, Glomus mosseae(BEG 107) in enhancing growth and arsenic(As) and phosphorus(P) uptake of white clover(Trifolium repens) and evening primrose(Oenothera odorata) in soil collected from a gold mine having concentrations of 381.6 mg total As $kg^{-1}$ and 20.5 mg available As $kg^{-1}$. Trifolium repens and O. odorata are widely distributed on abandoned metalliferous mines in Korea. The percent root colonization by the AM fungus was 55.9% and 62.3% in T. repens and O. odorata, respectively, whereas no root colonization was detected in control plants grown in a sterile medium. The shoot dry weight of T. repens and O. odorata was increased by 323 and 117% in the AM plants compared to non-mycorrhizal(NAM) plants, respectively. The root dry weight increased up to 24% in T. repens and 70% in O. odorata following AM colonization compared to control plants. Mycorrhizal colonization increased the accumulation of As in the root tissues of T. repens and O. odorata by 99.7 and 91.7% compared to the NAM plants, respectively. The total uptake of P following AM colonization increased by 50% in T. repens and 70% in O. odorata, whereas the P concentration was higher in NAM plants than in the AM plants. Colonization with AM fungi increased the As resistance of the host plants to As toxicity by augmenting the yield of dry matter and increasing the total P uptake. Hence, the application of an AM fungus can effectively improve the phytoremediation capability of T. repens and O. odorata in As-contaminated soil.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2023

Phosphorus (P) is a macro mineral needed for bone mineralization and cell membrane structure and P is also involved in several fundamental pathways of metabolism in the body. Because of the low concentration and digestibility of P in plant ingredients that are the main components of diets for poultry and pigs, feed phosphates are usually included in diets in addition to the P contributed by plant ingredients. The most widely used feed phosphates in poultry and swine diets are dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP), but tricalcium phosphate (TCP), monosodium phosphate (MSP), and magnesium phosphate (MgP) may be used as well. Because feed phosphates are mostly produced from rock phosphate, feed phosphates have impurities that contain minerals other than P. Concentrations of P in feed phosphates range from 14.8% (MgP) to 25.7% (MSP). The standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in pigs ranges from 71% (TCP) to 95% (MSP). The STTD of Ca and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of P and Ca in feed phosphates fed to pigs and poultry have been determined only in a few experiments. Available data indicate that the STTD of Ca and SID of P in MCP are greater than in DCP in both poultry and pigs, but the SID of Ca is similar between DCP and MCP fed to broilers. Information on mineral concentrations and digestibility values in feed phosphates is needed in diet formulation for pigs and poultry, but if diets are formulated to contain equal concentrations of digestible P and Ca, it is unlikely that animal performance will be impacted by the source of feed phosphates used in the diet.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.211-217
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• 1978

수종토양(數種土壤)에 2종(種)의 인산질비료(燐酸質肥料)를 시용(施用)한 후(後) 토양중(土壤中) 무기태인산(無機態燐酸)의 형태별(形態別) 함량변화(含量變化)와 수종침출액(數種浸出液)에 의한 유효인산침출량(有效燐酸浸出量)을 실내실험(室內實驗)으로 조사(調査)하여 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)한바 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. Al-P 함량(含量)은 미경지(未耕地)에 비(比)해 기경전(旣耕田) 토양(土壤)에서 많고 Fe-P 함량(含量)은 사질(砂質)에 비(比)해 식질토양(埴質土壤)에서 많았다. 2. 시용(施用)된 중과석(重過石)의 인산(燐酸)은 토양중(土壤中)에서 주로 Al-P로, 용성인비(熔成燐肥)의 인산(燐酸)은 Al-P와 Ca-P로 변화(變化) 되었으며 Fe-P의 증가(增加)는 모두 아주 낮았다. 3. 유효 인산(燐酸)의 용출량(溶出量)은 침출액간(浸出液間)에 차이가 컸으며 대체(大體)로 중과석(重過石)을 시용(施用)한 토양(土壤)에서는 Bray No. 2>Lancaster${\fallingdotseq}$Bray No. 1>Truog>Olsen 침출액(浸出液)의 순(順)이었고 용린(熔燐)을 시용(施用)한 토양(土壤)에서는 Lancaster> Bray No. 2>Truog>Bray No. 1>Olsen 침출액(浸出液)의 순(順)이었다. 4. 모든 유효린산침출액(有效燐酸浸出液)의 무기린산형태별(無機燐酸形態別)에 대(對)한 침출액(浸出液)은 Al-P>Ca-P>Fe-P의 순(順)이었으나 이중 Bray No. 1과 Bray No. 2는 Fe-P에 대(對)한 침출능(浸出能)이 가장 낮았다. 5. Bray No. 2와 Bray No. 1 및 Olsen법(法)은 Ca-P의 침출능(浸出能)에 비(比)해 상대적(相對的)으로 Al-P에 대(對)한 용출능(溶出能)이 강(强)하니 Lancaster와 Truog법(法)은 Al-P에 비(比)해 Ca-P에 대(對)한 용출능(溶出能)이 더욱 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.923-929
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• 2010

복분자 재배지 (Korean raspberry cultivation field, RCF)의 재배환경과 고사원인을 규명하기 위하여 전라북도 고창군의 1~6년생 RCF 54개 지점에서 복분자 출엽기와 수확기에 토양을 채취하여 토양의 화학적 특성과 복분자 생육관계를 조사하였다. 복분자 수령별 생산량은 4년생이 가장 많았으며, 고사율은 수령이 증가함에 따라 꾸준히 증가하였다. 일년생 RCF 토양의 화학적 특성 중 토양 pH, EC, 유효인산 함량, 치환성 $Ca^{2+}$ 및 $Mg^{2+}$ 함량, CEC 등은 출엽기보다 수확기에 높게 나타났으며 유기물, 치환성 $K^+$ 함량, 총 질소 함량 등은 출엽기에 더욱 높았다. 특히 유효인산 함량과 치환성 $Ca^{2+}$과 $Mg^{2+}$ 함량은 적정수준의 범위보다 다소 과잉인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 복분자 2~6년생 재배지에서 복분자 출엽기와 수확기의 토양특성을 비교한 결과 토양 유기물 함량, 치환성 $Mg^{2+}$ 함량은 비슷한 수준이었고, 토양 pH와 치환성 $Ca^{2+}$및 $Mg^{2+}$ 함량은 출엽기에 높았으며, EC, 유효인산 함량, CEC, 총 질소 함량은 수확기에 높게 나타났다. 특히 수확기의 유효인산 함량은 3년생 이상의 RCF에서 1,000 mg $kg^{-1}$ 이상으로 3배 이상 증가하였다. 토양 중 중금속 (Cr, Cu, Pb, As, Zn 등) 함량은 토양오염 우려기준보다 낮은 수준으로 복분자 생육에 장애를 일으킬 수준은 아니었다. 그러나 토양의 수용성 음이온 중 ${NO_3}^-$과 ${SO_4}^{2-}$ 함량은 채취시기와 장소에 관계없이 수령이 높은 RCF로 갈수록 꾸준히 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, ${PO_4}^{2-}$ 함량은 출엽기-비근권, $Cl^-$ 함량은 수확기-근권에서 수령이 높은 RCF 일수록 높게 나타났다. 그러나 수확기의 수용성 음이온 함량은 대체로 근권보다는 비근권에서 높았다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때 출엽기 이전보다 출엽기 이후부터 수확기까지 공급되는 비료성분의 양이 많은 것으로 판단되며, 특히 RCF 토양의 화학적 특성 중 유효인산 함량과 치환성 $K^+$ 등의 무기양분이 과잉인 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 복분자 재배를 위한 시비기준의 재검토가 이루어져야 한다고 판단된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.49-53
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• 1977

pH 5.4로서 산성(酸性)이고 중점질(重粘質)이며 인산함량(燐酸含量)이 낮은 현무암토양(玄武岩土壤)에 대(對)하여 석회(石灰)의 시용(施用)이 인산(燐酸)과 규산(珪酸)의 효과(効果)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)하고저 석회(石灰)와 인산(燐酸)을 조절시용(調節施用)하여 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 석회(石灰)의 적량시용(適量施用)은 등숙비율(登熟比率)을 증가(增加)시켰고 다량시용(多量施用)은 수수(穗數)와 수당입수(穗當粒數)를 감소(減少)시켰다. 2. 인산시용(燐酸施用)은 수수(穗數), 수당입수(穗當粒數) 및 등숙비율(登熟比率)을 증가(增加)시켰으며 수량(收量) 역시 유의성(有意性)있는 증수(增收)를 보였다. 3. 식물체(植物體)가 수확기(收穫期)에 흡수(吸收)한 무기성분중(無機成分中) N는 수(數)와 수당입수(穗當粒數) 및 수량(收量)과 유의(有意)한 상관(相關)을 보였으며 $P_2O_5$와 $SiO_2$는 수당입수(穗當粒數)와 등숙비율(登熟比率) 및 수량(收量)과 유의(有意)한 상관(相關)을 보였다. 4. 토양중(土壤中) 무기성분(無機成分)과 수량(收量) 및 수량구성요소(收量構成要素)와의 관계(關係)에 있어서 $SiO_2$는 석회시용(石灰施用)에 따라서 부분적(部分的)으로 유의상관(有意相關)이었으나 $P_2O_5$는 석회중화량시용(石灰中和量施用)의 경우 각(各) 수량구성요소(收量構成要素)와 수량(收量)에 있어서 유의상관(有意相關)을 보였고 석회중화량(石灰中和量)의 배량시용구(倍量施用區)에 있어서도 수수(穗數)와 수당입수(穗當粒數)와는 1% 수준(水準)에서, 수량(收量)은 5% 수준(水準)에서 유의상관(有意相關)을 보였다. 5. 석회시용(石灰施用)에 따른 토양중(土壤中) 유효인산의 변화(變化)는 석회시용량(石灰施用量) 증가(增加)에 따라 점차 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이었고 유효규산(有効珪酸) 역시(亦是) 인산(燐酸)과 동일(同一)한 경향(傾向)으로 표준구(標準區)의 59ppm에 비(比)하여 석회중화량시용구(石灰中和量施用區)에서 86ppm, 중화량(中和量)의 배량시용구(倍量施用區)에서는 138ppm으로서 석회시용(石灰施用)에 의한 규산(珪酸)의 유효도(有効度)는 현저하게 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이 있다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.753-767
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• 2013

정화토양 RSA(remediated soil A)와 RSB(remediated soil B)의 토양 특성을 조사한 결과, 사질양토로서 작물 별 토양 특성 권장 기준에 적정 토성이지만, 높은 토양 pH와 치환성 칼슘, 다소 낮은 양이온치환용량(cation exchange capacity, CEC)과 치환성 칼륨, 매우 낮은 토양유기물 함량과 유효인산 함량을 보여 작물 생육에 적합하지 않은 것으로 판단되었다. 그러나, 친환경농자재인 부산물비료, charcoal, biochar를 토양개량제로 처리 후 토양 특성이 수준 이상의 개선을 보여준 것으로 보인다. 토양 pH 경감 효과는 볼 수 없었으나, 토양유기물 함량 증가, 유효인산 함량 증가 등의 효과가 있었으며, 총질소(total nitrogen, T-N)와 치환성 칼륨의 함량이 다소 증가하였다. 그리고, 치환성 칼슘의 함량이 작물 별 권장 기준 이상으로 높은 것을 감안하였을 때 biochar 처리구에서 치환성 칼슘 함량을 감소시킨바, 지속적인 연구 또한 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 이는 토양경작법에 의하여 정화된 토양에 대하여 부산물비료, charcoal, biochar 등의 친환경농자재를 토양개량제로 사용할 경우 토양 개선 효과가 나타난 것으로 생각되며, 특히 biochar의 경우 토양 특성 변화에 많은 영향을 주었다. 따라서, 정화토양을 지속적으로 유지하고 관리 할 경우 토양의 질을 꾸준히 증진시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.