• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 1978

Recently, Demands of automatic X-ray film processors are increasing more and more at general hospitals and private clinics, but various troubles because of incorrect control were found out. Authors have researched to find out the function and activity of automatic X-ray film processor for 70 days with Kodak X-OMAT processor, and results obtained were as follows; 1. Automatic X-ray film processor have an advantage to conduct the rapid treatment of X-ray film processing, but incorrect handling of developing and fixing agents were brought about a great change in contrast and optical density of X-ray film pictures. 2. About 10,000 X-ray films could be finished by same developing and fixing solution without exchanging any other solutions in automatic X-ray film processor.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.49-53
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• 1999

To inquire its usefulness of the clinical application of intelligent replenishment system of automatic X-ray film processor based on film density, we processed the serial 300 sheets of radiographic film of chest [$14{\times}14"$, HR-C type] and bone [elbow & ankle($8{\times}10"$), skull($10{\times}12"$), hand & foot($11{\times}14"$), pelvis($14{\times}17"$), HR-G type, 68, 70, 77, 85 sheets respectively]. We analyzed the characteristic corves, relative speeds, average gradients and base plus fog densities every twenty five sheets. We also evaluated the developer and fixer replenishment volumes every that time. In the chest and bone radiograph two all, the characteristic curves were little change, and the relative speeds, average gradients and base plus fog densities were within the maximum control limits. The average developer replenishment volumes were about 43m1/sheet and 39m1/sheet respectively. It brings decreased results about 29% in comparison with the conventional replenishment system. In our experiences, we conclude that the intelligent replenishment system of automatic X-ray film processor based on film density maintains image quality consistently, decreases also the replenishment volumes. Therefore, this system will be resulted in economic and environmental effects, and solve problems of over and low replenishment volume.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1998년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.313-314
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• 1998

An intelligent developer replenish system was developed for automatic film processor. The system detects the gray level of a developed film and determines the amount of the developer to be added to the system. Using the film darkness detection system, it was found that the film darkness is inversely proportional to the amount of light exposure, that the developer retrograde after developing certain number of films without replenishment and the number is dependent upon the parts of the body, and that the developer does not retrograde when 30 ml of developer is added after each chest film processing. The use of this system resulted in a decrease in the amount of developer by 40%.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 1985

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2002

유방촬영에 대한 화질과 평균유선조직선량에 대하여 실험한 결과 반가층은 장치마다 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으며, 자동노출기구를 사용할 경우 정확성에 문제가 있으므로 확인이 필요하다. 유방촬영에 사용되는 자동현상기 또한 꼭 관리가 필요하며, 유방촬영 시 사용되는 증감지/필름에 따라서 팬톰 촬영 식별능에 많은 영향을 받고 있으므로 선택 시 신중을 기해야 한다. 유방두께 4.2 cm에 대한 평균유선조직 선량은 관전압에 따라 달라지며, ACR기준인 3.0 mGy보다 훨씬 적은 $0.26{\sim}1.39\;mGy$로 나타났다. 이상에서 알 수 있듯이 유방촬영에서는 촬영장치의 성능뿐만 아니라 HVL, AEC, 자동현상기 관리, 증감지/필름 등 모두 관리가 되어야 하며, 이로 인해 평균유선조직선량은 더 줄일 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 1998

We analyzed image factors to determine the characteristic factors that need for intelligent replenishment system of the auto film processor. We processed the serial 300 sheets of radiographic films of chest phantom without replenishment of developing and fixation replenisher. We took the digital data by using film digitizer which scaned the films and automatically summed up the pixel values of the films. We analyzed characteristic curves, average gradients and relative speeds of individual film using densitometer and step densitometry. We also evaluated the pH of developer, fixer, and washer fluid with digital pH meter. Fixer residual rate and washing effect were measured by densitometer using the reagent methods. There was no significant reduction of the digital density numbers of the serial films without replenishment of developer and fixer. The average gradients were gradually decreased by 0.02 and relative speeds were also gradually decreased by 6.96% relative to initial standard step-densitometric measurement. The pHs of developer and fixer were reflected the inactivation of each fluid. The fixer residual rates and washing effects after processing each 25 sheets of films were in the normal range. We suggest that the digital data are not reliable due to limitation of the hardware and software of the film digitizer. We conclude that average gradient and relative speed which mean the film's contrast and sensitivity respectively are reliable factors for determining the need for the replenishment of the auto film processor. We need more study of simpler equations and programming for more intelligent replenishment system of the auto film processor.

• 치과방사선
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.128-136
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• 1992

This study was undertakened to investigate the change of image characteristics on dental films according to the process of using time of processing solution in automatic processor. Base + fog density, film density and subject contrast were measured with the digital densitometer, the pH of developing and fixing solution were measured with Digital pH / ION Meter. The following results were obtained: 1. Base + fog density was increased with the process of using time of the processing solution and was over the maximum permissible base + fog density 0.25 from the 3rd day. 2. Film density was increased with the process of using time of the processing solution. 3. Subject contrast was decreased with the process of using time of the processing solution. 4. The pH of the developing solution was decreased with the process of using time, the pH of the fixing solution was increased.

• 치과방사선
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.197-207
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• 1987

This study was undertaken to investigate the relationships between film and processing solution at different processing temperatures. Three kinds of periapical film were used for this study. They included EP-2l film, DF-58, and A film Each film was processed by automatic film processor with RD-Ⅲ X-dol 90, and A processing solutions at 68° 74° 80° 86° and 92°F. Film density was measured with the densitometer, and base plus fog density, film relative speed, film contrast, and subject contrast were evaluated. The following results were obtained; 1. As the processing temperature was increased, base plus density was increased. Inadequate base plus fog densities were obtained with three films in combination with three processing solutions at 92°F. 2. Lowest base plus fog densities were obtained with A film, followed in ascending order by EP-21, and DF-58 film in combination with A or RD-Ⅲ processing solutions. The sequence of base plus fog densities was in ascending order by EP-21, A, and DF-58 film in combination with X-dol 90 processing solution. 3. The sequence of film relative speed values was in ascending order of EP-21, A, and DF-58 film in combination with A and RD-Ⅲ processing solutions, respectively. 4. As the processing temperature was increased, film contrast values was increased. The sequence of film contrast values was in descending order solution. The sequence of film contrast values was in descending order of EP-2l, DF-58, and A film in combination with RD-Ⅲ, X-dol 90 processing solution at 80°F. 5. As the processing temperature was increased, subject contrast was increased. The sequence of subject contrast was in descending order of A, X-dol 90, and RD-Ⅲ processing solution in combination with three films at 80°F. The sequence of subject contrast was in descending order of EP-21, A, and DF-58 film in combination with A processing solution at different processing temperatures.

• 치과방사선
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.299-308
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• 1999

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the qualities of the four different processing chemicals (solutions). Materials and Methods: With EP 21 films(Ektaspeed plus film, Kodak Co., USA), nine unexposed and nine exposed films of a step wedge were processed utilizing automatic film processor(XR 24, Durr Co., Germany) for 5 days. During 5 days, the total number of processed films including out-patient' s intraoral films were about 400-500 for each brand. Base plus fog density, film density, contrast of processed films were measured with densitometer(model 07-443 digital densitometer, Victoreen Co., USA). These measurements were analyzed for comparison. Results: The results were as follows, 1. For the base plus fog density. there was significant difference among the four chemicals (p<0.05). The sequence of the base plus fog densities was in ascending order by Kodak, X-dol 90. Agfa and Konica. 2. For the film density. all chemicals showed useful range of photographic densities(0.25-2.5). The sequence of the film densities was in ascending order by Kodak, X-dol 90, Konica and Agfa. But there was no statistically significant difference of film density between X-dol and Kodak (p<0.05). 3. The sequence of the contrasts was in ascending order by Konica, X-dol 90, Kodak and Agfa. But there was no statistically significant difference of contrast between X-dol and Konica (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that the four processing chemicals had clinically useful film density and contrast. but only Kodak processing chemical had useful base plus fog density.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.237-240
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• 2002

Knowing the dose distribution in a tissue is as important as being able to measure exposure or absorbed dose in radiotherapy. Since the Dry Imager spread, the wet type automatic processor is no longer used. Furthermore, the waste fluid after film development process brings about a serious problem for prevention of pollution. Therefore, we have developed a measurement method for the dose distribution (CR dosimetry) in the phantom based on the imaging plate (IP) of the computed radiography (CR). The IP was applied for the dose measurement as a dosimeter instead of the film used for film dosimetry. The data from the irradiated IP were processed by a personal computer with 10 bits and were depicted as absorbed dose distributions in the phantom. The image of the dose distribution was obtained from the CR system using the DICOM form. The CR dosimetry is an application of CR system currently employed in medical examinations to dosimetry in radiotherapy. A dose distribution can be easily shown by the Dose Distribution Depiction System we developed this time. Moreover, the measurement method is simpler and a result is obtained more quickly compared with film dosimetry.