• 열처리공학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.229-235
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• 1995

We were studied to the effect of alloying element and retained austenite on a mechnical properties and that used steels were composed three types composition. According to the soaking temperature, a retained austenite was pricipitated in the bainitic ferrite matrix and it was pricipitated to a flake type of about $2{\mu}m$, a mixture of massive and bar type and a flake type of about $1{\mu}m$ size. Through x-ray diffraction analysis, the amount of retained austenite was increased with addition of Si and Ni for equal heat treatment condition and it was best abundanted in the soaking temperature of $855^{\circ}C$. The balance value of strength and elongation were complexly controlled not only a retained austenite formation but also a formation characteristic and shape of the retained austenite and bainite. The balance value of strength and elongation were most satisfactory obtained with "B" and "C" specimens in a firstly heat treated at $855^{\circ}C$ and the best result was that a $2840kg/mm^2.%$ with the heat teratment condition of $855^{\circ}C-400^{\circ}C$ used for "C" specimen.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the International Welding/Joining Conference-Korea
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• pp.217-221
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• 2002

In the coarse grain HAZ adjacent to the fusion line, most of the TiN particles in conventional Ti added steel are dissolved and austenite grain growth is easily occupied during welding process. To avoid this difficulty, thermal stability of TiN particle is improved by increasing the nitrogen content in steel. In this study, the effect of high nitrogen TiN particle on preventing austenite grain growth in HAZ was investigated. Increased thermal stability of TiN particle is helpful for preventing the austenite grain growth by pinning effect. High nitrogen TiN particle in simulated HAZ were not dissolved even at high temperature such as 1400 C and prevented the austenite grain growth in simulated HAZ. Owing to small austenite grain size in HAZ the width of coarse grain HAZ in high nitrogen TiN steel was decreased to 1/10 of conventional TiN steel. Even high heat input welding, the microstructure of coarse grain HAZ consisted of fine polygonal ferrite and pearlite and toughness of coarse grain HAZ was significantly improved.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 1999년도 제3회 압연심포지엄 논문집 압연기술의 미래개척 (Exploitation of Future Rolling Technologies)
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• pp.356-365
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• 1999

The present study is aimed at developing the TRIP(transformation induced plasticity) aided high strength low carbon steel using reversion process. An excellent combination of elongation over 40% and tensile strength abut 100kgf/$\textrm{mm}^2$ achieved in processing of 0.15C-0.5 Si-6Mn steel by slow heating to intercritial temperature region and accelerated cooling into room temperature. This good combination is caused by TRIP phenomena of retained austenite in steels during deformation. The stability of retained austenite is very important for the good ductility and it depends on the diffusion of carbon and manganeses during heat treatment. The accelerated cooling after holding at annealing temperature retards the formation of pearlite and provides the carbon enrichment in retained austenite in steel, resulting in the increase in elongation of the cold-rolled TRIP steel. On the other hand, heat treating the steel at 600$^{\circ}C$ for 5 hour before cold rolling increases elongation but reduces the amount of retained austenite after reversion processing. It is accounted that the heat treating is effective for the increase in the stability of retained austenite.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.169-176
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• 1996

Effect of retained austenite on rolling contact fatigue of nitrocarburized high-carbon chromium bearing steel has been investigated to develop surface-hardened bearing steel with imprved resistance to rolling contact fatigue. Fatigue tests were conducted in elesto-hydrodynamic lubricating conditions at a shaft speed of 5,000rpm, under max, hertzian stress of $492kg/mm^2$. Volume fraction of retained austenite in austenitic nitrocarburized STB2 steel was controlled by tempering at various temperature, $200{\sim}250^{\circ}C$. It was observed using TEM that decomposition of retained austenite during tempering at $250^{\circ}C$ was the highest in quantity, resulted in formation of lower bainite. Rolling contact fatigue life of the specimens with lower bainite, formed by decomposition of retained austenite, was improved in comparison with there of specimens with more amount of retained austenite.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.134-140
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• 2003

Effects of cryogenic treatment and tempering temperature on the amount of retained austenite, hardness and wear properties has been investigated using alloy tool steel, STD 11. Cryogenic treatments were performed at the temperatures of $-100^{\circ}C$, $-150^{\circ}C$ and $-196^{\circ}C$, and tempering were performed at $200^{\circ}C$ and $530^{\circ}C$. It was shown that lower hardness value was obtained on high temperature ($530^{\circ}C$) tempering even after cryogenic treatment. And retained austenite was not entirely transformed to martensite after cryogenic treatment even at $-196^{\circ}C$, which was not consistent with the belief that $-80^{\circ}C$ was sufficient to entirely transform any austenite retained in the quenched microstructure. Austenite retained in cryogenic treated condition was completely transformed to martensite only after tempering at $530^{\circ}C$. As far as wear test conditions in this investigation, it was found that cryogenic treatments improved the sliding wear resistance, but improvement of wear resistance was not directly related with retained austenite contents. And it was found that predominent wear mechanisms of STD 11 steel were oxidation wear and adhesive wear In sliding wear conditions.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.126-131
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• 2018

In the present study, we investigate the effects of milling time and the addition of a process control agent (PCA) on the austenite stability of a nanocrystalline Fe-7%Mn alloy by XRD analysis and micrograph observation. Nanocrystalline Fe-7%Mn alloys samples are successfully fabricated by spark plasma sintering. The crystallite size of ball-milled powder and the volume fraction of austenite in the sintered sample are calculated using XRD analysis. Changes in the shape and structure of alloyed powder according to milling conditions are observed through FE-SEM. It is found that the crystallite size is reduced with increasing milling time and amount of PCA addition due to the variation in the balance between the cold-welding and fracturing processes. As a result, the austenite stability increased, resulting in an exceptionally high volume fraction of austenite retained at room temperature.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.178-187
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• 2002

Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) castings having various chemical composition and heat treatment conditions were investigated. Especially, this study was investigated the influence of various parameters on austempering temperature and alloying elements. The addition of Mo, Cu, and Ni individually or combined in these alloys also investigated. The alloying elements influence the austempering reaction, the microstructures, mechanical properties and amount of retained austenite. In this study, the mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength(UTS), hardness, elongation) are analysed to show the relationship between alloying elements, austempering temperatures and amount of retained austenite. The amount of retained austenite was the range of 15 - 40%. In case of the alloy to witch Mo, Cu, and Ni was added, the amount of retained austenite was the largest at a constant austempering temperature.

• 분석과학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.141-147
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• 1993

Fe-Ni-Mn-(Ti)계 마르에이징강을 용체화처리한 후 $400^{\circ}C$부터 $550^{\circ}C$ 사이에서 장시간 시효처리할 때 생성되는 역변태 오스테나이트의 거동을 투과전자현미경 및 분석전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 시효온도와 시간에 따라 Widmanstatten, granular, lath-like 및 재결정 오스테나이트 등 4 종류의 역변태 오스테나이트가 관찰되었으며, 역변태 오스테나이트들은 기지조직인 마르텐사이트보다 많은 니켈과 망간을 함유하고 있었다. Widmanstatten과 lath-like 오스테나이트는 기지 조직과 일정한 방위관계를 이루고 있으며 방위관계는 시효조건과 합금조성에 따라 달라진다. 재결정 오스테나이트는 $550^{\circ}C$ 이상의 고온에서 시효할 때 생기지만 불안정하여 냉각시 다시 마르텐사이트로 변태되는 경우도 발견되었다.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2005

Using various thermo-mechanical schedules characterized by varying reheating temperature, deformation temperature and strain, the austenite recrystallization and ferrite refinement of a Nb bearing low carbon steel(0.15C-0.25Si-1.11Mn-0.04Nb) were investigated. For single pass heavy deformations at $800^{\circ}C$, the 40% deformed austenite was not recrystallized while the 80% deformed one was fully recrystallized. Ferrite grains formed in the 80% deformed specimen was not very small compared with those in the 40% deformed specimen, which implied the recrystallized austenite was not more beneficial to ferrite refinement than the non-recrystallized one. In case of deformation in low temperature austenite region, a multi-pass deformation made finer ferrites than a single-pass deformation, as the total reduction was the same, due to more ferrite nucleation sites in the non-recrystallization of austenite for multi-pass deformation. When specimen was deformed at $775^{\circ}C$ that was $10^{\circ}C$ higher than $Ar_3$, the ferrite of about $1{\mu}m$ was formed through deformation induced ferrite transformation(DIFT), and the amount of ferrite was increased with increasing reduction. Dislocation density was very high and no carbides were observed in DIFT ferrites, presumably due to supersaturated carbon solution. By deformation in two phase(50% austenite+50% ferrite) region the very refined ferrite grains of less than $1{\mu}m$ were formed certainly by recovery and recrystallization of deformed ferrites and, a large portion of ferrites were divided by subgrain boundaries with misorientation angles smaller than 10 degrees.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.109-120
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• 1997

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-Si-Mn-P high strength steel sheet have been investigated by controlling the cooling rate. Bainite and ferrite were obtatined by annealing in the ferrite pluse austenite region, and ferrite and austenite were obtatined after annealing in the fully austenite region. Ferrite and pearlite were obtained when the cooling rate was controlled from the annealing temperature above $760^{\circ}C$ and bainite showed with increasing cooling rate, however below $760^{\circ}C$ ferrite and bainite were obtained. Tensile strengths and hardness nearly unchanged with increasing cooling rate after control the cooling rate from the temperature above $760^{\circ}C$, while tensile strengths increased and elongation decreased with increasing cooling rate when the cooling rate was controlled from the tempeature below $760^{\circ}C$. Without regard to annealing temperature, tensile strength increased and elongation decreased with increasing cooling rate. Tensile strengths and elongation values heat treated in the ferrite plus austenite region were higher than those in the fully austenite region. Retained austenite and strength-elongation balance showed the maximum value at $780^{\circ}C$ and decreased with increasing annealing temperature. Strength-elongation balance value was controlled by the retained austenite.