• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2002

This study explored resilience and protective factors in children at-risk. Teachers of 755 children in child care centers replied to questionnaires regarding resiliency and behavior problems; children's mothers replied to questionnaires about risk factors, own parenting, and family hardiness. The data of 216 vulnerable children and 355 children in a comparative group who had not been exposed to any risk factors were analyzed. Findings showed that resilience was differentiated by gender and age; that is, resilience in the vulnerable group covaried as a function of gender and age. The resilience level of the vulnerable group was lower than the comparative group. Children with fewer behavior problems had a higher level of resilience, and resilience was higher for vulnerable children with higher levels of protective factors.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.49-64
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• 1998

The theoretical process model was used to study problem behavior of children growing up at-risk. A sample of 339 children living in at-risk families were selected from among 2, 134 children in grades 4, 5, and 6 of five elementary schools in Seoul. The instruments were five risk factor scales and four protective factor scales. The Child Behavior Checklist was also used. The results of the hypothetical model of children at-risk showed that the factor of socioeconomic status led to positive child rearing attitudes in mothers, which is turn influenced children's problem behavior indirectly. In contrast, stressful life events and mother's depression influenced children's problem behavior directly. However, negative family functioning, marital discord and father's depression did not influence mother's child rearing attitudes or children's problem behavior. Mother's child rearing attitudes directly influenced children's social competence and academic achievement and indirectly influenced their problem behavior. Academic achievement did not influence problem behavior directly, but social competence influenced it directly. Mother's child rearing attitude was the most significant factor affecting children's adaptation.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.83-103
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to develop a longitudinal predictive model that identifies first-grade children who are at risk for ADHD and to investigate the factors that predict the probability of belonging to the at-risk group for ADHD by using machine learning. Methods: The data of 1,445 first-grade children from the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 7th, and 8th waves of the Korean Children's Panel were analyzed. The output factors were the at-risk and non-risk group for ADHD divided by the CBCL DSM-ADHD scale. Prenatal as well as developmental factors during infancy and early childhood were used as input factors. Results: The model that best classifies the at-risk and the non-risk group for ADHD was the LASSO model. The input factors which increased the probability of being in the at-risk group for ADHD were temperament of negative emotionality, communication abilities, gross motor skills, social competences, and academic readiness. Conclusion/Implications: The outcomes indicate that children who showed specific risk indicators during infancy and early childhood are likely to be classified as being at risk for ADHD when entering elementary schools. The results may enable parents and clinicians to identify children with ADHD early by observing early signs and thus provide interventions as early as possible.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.149-166
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• 2002

In this study, 1 have analyzed the state of the use of information technology by the at-risk children who are residing in Husan metropolitan area. The ultimate goal of this study is to help ensure the healthy development of the children and improve the quality of their lives in this information-oriented society. For this research, 1 surveyed 183 children living in an institution or a low-income family in Busan metropolitan area. The survey questionnaire was designed to obtain information on the respondents, socio-demographic characteristics, computer-related conditions of the immediate and social environments, patterns of computer and Internet use, their experience and degree of so called, Net-generation syndrome, Internet addiction disorder, changes in social and familial life caused by Internet use, and exposure to pornographic materials. The results show that 95.9 % of at-risk children in Husan own a computer, 60.9 % of those computers being Pentium Ⅲ. A majority of the children (74.9 %) are connected to Internet at a high-speed, using such devices as LAN, ADSL or cables. About seventy-six percent of the children have used a PC and Internet less than two years. In other words, a majority of them have not used those for a long period of time. The main results of the research are summarized in the following: There is a significant difference among at-risk children in terms of experiences in computer and Internet use according to their grade levels. There is a gender difference in the amount of time spent on computer and Internet. Boys spend more time every week on computer and Internet than girls do. There is a significant difference in the pattern of computer and Internet use, according to the type of their risk, and grade level. The so-called 'Net Generation Syndrome' is not serious in this group. A majority of the at-risk children think that Internet is more interesting than TV. They hardly shop on Internet, and they don think the advertisements on Internet are a serious problem. Also, unlike many people assumptions, their desire to communicate through on-line chatting was very low. They do not tend to buy computer game programs, and Internet Addiction Disorder was not pronounced among them. The at-risk children rarely had an exposure to pornographic materials in the cyber space. However, the exposure was more frequent for institutionalized children than children in low-income families. These results point to a need for a policy to improve the welfare of at-risk children and guarantee their right to information.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2012

Objectives: With the goal of quantifying the risk of children contracting gastroenteritis while playing at interactive waterscape facilities and evaluating the adequacy of current water quality regulations, risk assessment was performed with Escherichia coli as pathogen. Methods: Abundances of E. coli in the waters of interactive water features in South Korea were acquired from survey reports. A gamma distribution describing the volume of water swallowed by children during swimming activities was adopted. Exposure rate and risk were calculated by Monte Carlo simulation and dose-response models for various pathogenic E. coli. Results: E. coli was detected in 25 out of 40 facilities, with range of ~1,600 CFU/100 ml. The abundance fitted an exponential distribution. Simulated exposures ranged ${\sim}1.9{\times}10^{10}$ CFU, varying greater along E. coli abundance than the volume of water. Risk of children being infected by enterohemorrhagic E. coli was high, with range of ~0.85. When E. coli abundance was <200 CFU/100 ml, which is the current government threshold, the risk decreased to <0.43. Although the guideline successfully reduced the risk of adults being infected by a less virulent E. coli strains (<0.03), the risk for children could not be quantified due to lack of dose-response models for those pathogens for children. Conclusions: Under the current guideline, children are at risk of being infected if water is contaminated with by enterohemorrhagic E. coli. For other E. coli strains, the risk appears to be considerably less. The result warrants need for developing dose-response models for children for each pathogenic E. coli strain.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.410-414
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Several nutritional screening tools were recently developed to screen the risk of malnutrition in hospitalized children, but have not been validated in Asia. We compared four nutritional screening tools for pediatric patients in evaluating nutritional risks in newly hospitalized children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Medical records of newly admitted pediatric patients between June 2016 and May 2017 at two tertiary hospitals were reviewed. Initial information by nurses and hospital records by doctors on baseline demographic, clinical, and anthropometric data at admission were collected in all subjects. Nutritional risks were evaluated using four nutritional screening tools including the pediatric nutritional risk score (PNRS), the screening tool for the assessment of malnutrition in pediatrics (STAMP), the paediatric Yorkhill malnutrition score (PYMS), and the screening tools for risk of nutritional status and growth (STRONGkids). RESULTS: A total of 559 patients (310 boys and 249 girls, mean age $6.3{\pm}5.5years$) were recruited. Patients in medical and surgical departments were 469 (83.9%) and 90 (16.1%), respectively. The prevalence of patients at risk of malnutrition were 31.1% for low risk, 52.2% for medium risk, and 16.6% for high risk by PNRS; 11.4%, 39.7%, and 48.8% by STAMP; 26.5%, 25.4%, and 48.1% by PYMS; and 35.6%, 58.9%, and 5.5% by STRONGkids. PNRS versus STRONGkids and STAMP versus PYMS showed moderate agreement (kappa = 0.566 and kappa = 0.495, respectively). PYMS and STAMP revealed a relatively high sensitivity of 87.8% and 77.6% for wasting. CONCLUSION: Different nutritional screening tools revealed considerably different results in evaluating nutritional risks in newly hospitalized children. Since pediatric patients are at risk of malnutrition at admission and during hospitalization, screening tools should be applied properly according to the situation of each hospital.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.301-319
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• 2008

This study investigated the effectiveness of reading intervention on at-risk readers from first through third grade. The 34 children below the 20th percentile on an oral reading fluency test participated in the reading intervention program for 15 weeks. They received small group instruction in one 40-minute session per week. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, paired t-test and effect size for individual cases. Upon completion of the intervention, at-risk first graders showed significantly higher performance in print concept, word recognition, oral reading fluency and reading comprehension. The at-risk second and third graders improved only in oral reading fluency. Most of children who received the intervention demonstrated a large effect in oral reading fluency.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 2020

Purpose: Gastrointestinal symptoms are often related to antibiotic treatment. Their incidence, risk and protective conditions in children are not well defined and represent the aims of this study. Methods: We prospectively enrolled inpatient children submitted to antibiotic treatment. Indication, type, dose and duration of treatment, probiotic supplementation and gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded at recruitment, after two and four weeks. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) was defined as the presence of at least 3 loose/liquid stools within 14 days from antibiotic onset. Results: AAD occurred in 59/289 (20.4%) of patients, with increased risk in children younger than 3 years (relative risk [RR]=4.25), in lower respiratory (RR=2.11) and urinary infections (RR=3.67), intravenous administration (RR=1.81) and previous AAD episodes (RR=1.87). Abdominal pain occurred in 27/289 (9.3%), particularly in children >6 years (RR=4.15), with previous abdominal pain (RR=7.2) or constipation (RR=4.06). Constipation was recorded in 23/289 (8.0%), with increased risk in children having surgery (RR=2.56) or previous constipation (RR=7.38). Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced AAD (RR=0.30) and abdominal pain (RR=0.36). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and L. reuteri significantly reduced AAD (RR=0.37 and 0.35) and abdominal pain (RR=0.37 and 0.24). Conclusion: AAD occurred in 20.4% of children, with increased risk at younger age, lower respiratory and urinary tract infections, intravenous treatment and previous AAD. LGG and L. reuteri reduced both AAD and associated abdominal pain.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.171-183
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• 2002

This study examined the applicability of creative drama to a social competence program for poorly accepted(socially at-risk) elementary school children. The subjects were 40 $2^{nd}$(n=20) and $5^{th}$(n=20) grade children. The experimental group(n=20) participated in a social competence program that included 18 sessions of the creative drama activities during winter vacation. The Peer Rating Scale, the Peer Competence Scale, and the Quality of Friendship Scale were administered as pre- and post-test. Covariance analyses showed no differences between experimental and control groups on peer competence and quality of friendship, but the children who participated in the program showed some differences in total scores and sub-areas on quality of friendship by grade and level of peer pre-acceptance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine the probability of overweight throughout childhood in relation to the presence of overweight at birch or in early childhood, and presence of overweight in children's parents. Weight and height measures were collected at birth and at ages of 7, 10, 12 years from 655 6th grade primary schoolchildren. Childhood overweight was defined as a body mass index at or above the 85th percentile for age and sex, and overweight in children's parents as a body mass index at or above 27. The prevalence of overweight increased with age of the children. Overweight at birth was not associated with overweight at 12 years of ages. However, overweight at 12 years old was already related to overweight at 7 years old. In comparison to non-overweight peers, overweight children at ages 7(OR = 7.64, 95% CI = 4.32-13.51) and 10 years(OR = 19.69, 95% CI = 11.42-33.94) had a higher rick of becoming overweight at 12 years of age. Among children who was overweight at age 7years, 60.7% remained overweight 5 years later, Yearly increment in BMI of overweight children was larger than that of non-obese children (1.15-1.65kg/m$^2$vs 0.50-0.71kg/m$^2$. As compared with the lower case in mealy increment of BMI, the probability of being overweight at age of 12 years was greater in higher case. BMI values at age 7years were positively correlated with BMI values at age of 10 and 127ear,i, and with annual increments in BMI. But those relationships with birth weight were not observed. Children were at greater risk for overweight if at least ogle parent was overweight. The odds ratio for child overweight associated with maternal overweight was 2.41(95% CI = 1,13-5.IS), and those associated with paternal overweight 1.70(95% CI = 0.92-3.17). And parents' BMIs were positively correlated with children's BMI values and yearly BMI increment. In conclusion, overweight at early childhood and annual inclement in BMI can be important in predicting the prevalence of overweight and the risk that overweight will remain after 7 years of age. The risk of being overweight throughout the childhood increases by the parents'overweight.