• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.223-230
• /
• 2007

Low power laser and neuromuscular electrical stimulation have been utilized in many clinical applications for the treatment of musculoskeletal lesion. This study was to investigate the effects of low power He-Ne IR laser and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the change of the serum biochemical components in experimentally induced muscle injured rats. The twenty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned to the 4 groups: the normal group (n=5), the control group (n=5), the low power laser irradiation group (LLI) (n=5) and the neuromuscular electrical stimulation group (NMES) (n=5). The experimentally induced muscle injury was induced by the subcutaneous injection of a 0.1 ml Freund's Complete Adjuvant into the right hind paw and calf muscles in control, LLI and NMES groups. The LLI group was irradiated with He-Ne IR laser for 5 minutes every day during 10 days. Also, the NMES group was electrically stimulated 15 minutes every day during 10 days. The normal and control groups were not received with any therapeutic intervention. The authors performed tests which were the concentration of the serum biochemical components to detect the effects of therapeutic interventions. The results were as follows: 1. The level of the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was significantly decreased in the LLI and NMES groups compare to the control group. 2. The level of the serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly decreased in the LLI and NMES groups compare to the control group. 3. The level of the serum creatine kinase (CK) was significantly decreased in the LLI and NMES groups compare to the control group. From the results, we could come to the conclusion that low power laser and neuromuscular electrical stimulation could be accelerating healing processes of skeletal muscle injury and further clinical work will be required.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.50 no.6
• /
• pp.750-755
• /
• 2017

Flatfish Paralichthys olivaceus raised in biofloc system (mean length $27.6{\pm}3.1cm$, mean weight $280.4{\pm}26.5g$) were exposed for to different concentrations of ammonia (0, 8, 16, 32, and $64mg\;{NH_4}^+/L$) for 7 days. Following ammonia exposure, hematological parameters such as hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly reduced. Plasma components such as magnesium, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) were significantly altered by ammonia exposure, whereas there were no significant changes in calcium, cholesterol, or total protein. Antioxidant responses, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were significantly elevated following ammonia exposure. The results of this study indicate that ammonia exposure induces significant changes in hematological parameters and antioxidant responses in biofloc-reared Paralichthys olivaceus as a toxic response.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.412-417
• /
• 2006

This study evaluated the effectiveness of different arsenical sources on inducing fatty liver, on changes in lipid metabolism and on liver function in mule ducks. Sixty twelve-week-old mule ducks were selected and randomly divided into five treatments, including the control group and four different arsenical sources; Roxarsone (300 mg/kg), arsanilic acid, $As_2O_5$ or $As_2O_3$, containing 85.2 mg/kg arsenic were included in the basal diet. The ducks were fed the medicated basal diet for 3 weeks followed by a one-week drug withdrawal. The results showed Roxarsone treatment decreased body weight, feed intake, liver weight and abdominal fat weight (p<0.05), while it increased the relative liver weight (p<0.05) during medication period ($3^{rd}$ week). The $As_2O_5$ treatment decreased abdominal fat weight and relative abdominal fat weight when compared to the control (p<0.05). Only Roxarsone among the treatment groups increased feed intake, liver weight and relative liver weight, while the $As_2O_3$ group showed the lightest liver weight and relative liver weight among treatment groups during the withdrawal period ($4^{th}$ week). The Roxarsone group decreased (p<0.05) NADP-malic dehydrogenase (MDH) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) activities and increased (p<0.05) cholesterol concentration during the medication period, and elevated the MDH and ACC activities during the withdrawal period. All four arsenical treatment groups showed lymphocytic infiltration in liver tissue, while the Roxarsone and $As_2O_3$ treatments showed an increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities (p<0.05). During the withdrawal period, arsenical treatments resulted in liver vacuoles. However, the arsenicals differed in effectiveness and mechanisms of inducing fat vacuoles.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.840-846
• /
• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary corticosterone on egg quality. For 2 weeks hens received either control or experimental diet containing corticosterone at 30 mg/kg diet. Feed intake and egg production were monitored daily, and body weight measured weekly. Egg weights and egg quality were measured daily. Corticosterone treatment resulted in a remarkable increase in feed intake and sharp decrease in egg production compared with control (p<0.05) whereas body weight remained unchanged. Decreased albumen height, but no changes in egg weight, led to decreased Haugh unit (p<0.05). Corticosterone caused elevated eggshell thickness (p<0.05) without altering weight and strength, suggesting possible changes in shell structure. Yolk color and redness were increased by corticosterone (p<0.05) but lightness and yellowness were either not changed or inconsistent over the time period of measurements. Increased concentrations in plasma were also found for corticosterone, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, uric acid, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, and amylase (p<0.05), suggesting that corticosterone increased protein breakdown, renal dysfunctions and pancreatitis. Together, the current results imply that dietary corticosterone affects egg quality such as yolk colors and shell thickness, in addition to its effects on feed intake and egg production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.31 no.11
• /
• pp.1795-1806
• /
• 2018

Objective: The study was designed to establish choline deficiency model (CDM) in broilers for evaluating efficacy of polyherbal formulation (PHF) in comparison with synthetic choline chloride (SCC). Methods: A total of 2,550 one-day-old Cobb 430 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to different groups in three experiments. In experiment 1, G1 and G2 served as normal controls and were fed a basal diet with 100% soybean meal (SBM) as a major protein source supplemented with and without SCC, respectively. In G3, G4, G5, and G6 groups, SBM was replaced at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by soy protein isolate (SPI) to induce a graded level of choline deficiency. In experiment 2, PHF (500 and 1,000 g/ton) in comparison with SCC (1,000 g/ton) were evaluated. In experiment 3, dose-response of PHF (200, 400, and 500 g/ton) with SCC (400 g/ton) was determined. Results: Replacement of SBM by SPI produced a linear decrease in body weight gain (BWG) with a poor feed conversion ratio (FCR). 25% SBM replacement by SPI yielded an optimum negative impact on BWG and FCR; hence, it is considered for further studies. In experiment 2, PHF (500 and 1,000 g/ton) and SCC (1,000 g/ton) showed a similar performance in BWG, FCR and relative liver weight. In experiment 3, PHF produced an optimum efficacy at 400 g/ton and was comparable to SCC in the restoration of serum aspartate aminotransferase activity, abdominal fat, breast muscle lipid content and liver histopathological abnormalities. Conclusion: Replacement of SBM by SPI caused choline deficiency characterised by worsening of BWG, FCR, elevation in liver enzymes and histopathological changes indicating fatty liver. CDM was found valid for evaluating SCC and PHF. It is concluded that PHF has the potential to mimic biological activities of SCC through the restoration of negative effects caused by CDM.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 2015

Objectives : The effect of pear extract with Daekumeumjagami and vitamin C medication(PDV) on alcohol metabolism and hepatic injury was assessed following hepatic injury induced by alcohol in mice. Methods : The model of alcoholic hepatic injury was established by orally administration with 3 g/kg 25% alcohol in mice. PDV was orally administrated once a day for 5 days. Mice were randomly divided into 5 groups : normal group, control group, and PDV groups (PDV-A, PDV-B and PDV-C). The activities of aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in serum, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in liver were determined after alcohol exposure. Results : Compared with control group, treatment with PDV-B and PDV-C significantly elevated activities of ADH. Moreover, the index of hepatic injury in serum was significantly decreased by treatment with PDV-B and PDV-C in ALT activity and PDV-C in AST activity. Additionally, enhanced catalase activities in liver was found in PDV-C treated mice after exposure to alcohol. Also, WBC in blood was significantly lower by treatment with PDV-B and PDV-C. Conclusions : This study suggests that PDV treatment could enhance alcohol metabolism, and prevent hepatic injury after alcoholic hepatic injury and that this effect is likely related to its modulation on the alcohol metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.43-53
• /
• 2020

Objective : Reflux esophagitis is a disease caused by reflux of stomach contents, stomach acid, and pepsin into the esophagus, and is currently increasing worldwide. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a mixture of Rhei Rhizoma and Scutellariae Radix (RS) extract on acute reflux esophagitis in rats. Methods : Rats were divided into five groups for examination: Normal group (Nor, n=8), water-treated acute reflux esophagitis rats (Con, n=8), tocopherol 30 mg/kg body weight/day-treated acute reflux esophagitis rats (Toco, n=8), RS 100 mg/kg body weight/day-treated acute reflux esophagitis rats (RS100, n=8), RS 200 mg/kg body weight/day-treated acute reflux esophagitis rats (RS200, n=8). All rats fasted for 18 h and then were derived by linking the metastatic junction between pylorus and forestomach and corpus. And rats were sacrificed 5 h after surgery. We analyzed the expression of NADPH, MAPK, inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and tight junction related proteins by western blot in esophageal tissue and observed the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), alanine aminotransferanse (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum. Results : RS administration significantly protected the esophageal mucosal damage of reflux esophagitis, and ROS, AST, and ALT levels were significantly reduced in RS administration compared to Con group. In addition, RS administration effectively suppressed MAPK and NF-κB pathways and upregulated protein expressions of tight junction protein. Conclusions : These results suggest that RS protected the esophageal mucosa by inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB pathways and upregulating tight junctions.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.113-122
• /
• 2011

Several studies have reported a relation between serum levels of uric acid and a wide variety of cardiovascular conditions. But, the relationship between serum levels of uric acid and coronary artery disease (CAD) is still controversial. The present study was retrospectively designed to investigate whether CAD can be stratified by the level of uric acid and there are the relationships between preoperative levels of uric acid and perioperative biochemical markers in fifty-adult patients that underwent coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) and twenty-normal subjects. They were divided into the control, the unstable angina (UA-group) and the myocardial infarction group (MI-group). In preoperative levels of uric acid, the MI-group was higher than control and the UA-group. The MI-group had significantly higher correlations than the UA-group between preoperative levels of uric acid and left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac markers (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and brain natriuretic peptide), renal markers (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) or total leukocyte levels. At postoperative periods, the MI-group had higher relationships of uric acid with aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen or creatinine levels. Although there was not statistically significant, the UA-group tended to have higher correlation coefficients than the MI-group between preoperative levels of uric acid and intensive care unit-stay (ICU), or postoperative mechanical ventilation time. These results reflect that increased levels of serum uric acid may be a tool for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease and may be considered as a good predictor in assessing the cardiac and renal functions in patients with myocardial infarction or unstable angina at the preoperative period. However, further studies should be performed in a large patient population.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.15-23
• /
• 2016

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is one of the most common causes of acute liver failure. The study aimed to investigate the protective effect of carnosic acid (CA) on APAP-induced acute hepatotoxicity and its underlying mechanism in mice. To induce hepatotoxicity, APAP solution (400 mg/kg) was administered into mice by intraperitoneal injection. Histological analysis revealed that CA treatment significantly ameliorated APAP-induced hepatic necrosis. The levels of both alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in serum were reduced by CA treatment. Moreover, CA treatment significantly inhibited APAP-induced hepatocytes necrosis and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) releasing. Western blot analysis showed that CA abrogated APAP-induced cleaved caspase-3, Bax and phosphorylated JNK protein expression. Further results showed that CA treatment markedly inhibited APAP-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and MCP-1 mRNA expression and the levels of phosphorylated $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and p65 protein in the liver. In addition, CA treatment reduced APAP- induced hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Conversely, hepatic glutathione (GSH) level was increased by administration of CA in APAP-treated mice. Mechanistically, CA facilitated Nrf2 translocation into nuclear through blocking the interaction between Nrf2 and Keap1, which, in turn, upregulated anti-oxidant genes mRNA expression. Taken together, our results indicate that CA facilitates Nrf2 nuclear translocation, causing induction of Nrf2-dependent genes, which contributes to protection from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.143-151
• /
• 2004

This study was to investigate single and repeated-dose toxicities of CJ-11555, an anticirrhotic agent, in Sprague-Dawley (SO) rats. In single-dose oral toxicity study, the test article were administered once by gavage to males and females at dose levels of 0 and 2,000 mg/kg. No dead animals and abnormal necropsy findings were found in control and CJ-11555 treated group. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose of CJ-11555 was considered to be higher than 2,000 mg/kg in rats. In the 4-week repeated oral toxicity study, the test article was administered once daily by gavage to male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 10, 50 and 200 mg/kg/day for 4-weeks. In clinical signs, yellow-colored urine and yellow hair coat were observed in the 50 and 200 mg/kg male and female groups. In hematology, erythrocyte count and hemoglobin were significantly decreased in the 200mg/kg male and female groups. In serum biochemistry, total cholesterol was significantly increased and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was significantly decreased in the 50 or 200 mg/kg male and female groups. In histopathological examinations, centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy in the liver, congestion and pigmentation in the spleen, hyaline droplets in the kidney were observed in the 50 and 200 mg/kg male and female groups. In toxicokinetic study, CJ-11555 was dose-dependent in systemic exposure and showed better absorption in female with minimum accumulation after multidosing. Based on these results, it was concluded that the 4-week repeated oral dose of CJ-11555 resulted in the suppression of AST activity and centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy in both sexes at a dose level of 50 or 200 mg/kg/day. The target organ was estimated to be liver, spleen and male's kidney. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for CJ-11555 in rats following gavage for at least 4-week is 10 mg/kg/day.