• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.321-327
• /
• 2013

This paper aimed to find out the differences of DDK performances of 37 normally developing children in the range of 4-6 years. DDK tasks included with the Consonant-Vowel(CV) syllables and with the Vowel-Vowel(VV) syllables. For DDK rate, all spoken AMR and SMR in one second were measured by Multi-Speech, and analyzed with Motor Speech Profile for DDK regularity. Error frequency and type in DDK performance were transcribed and auditorily judged by two professional speech pathologists. The findings in this study were follow as: First, DDK rate became faster as the age of children were increased. But there were no statistical differences between the groups for age. Second, there was no significant differences the CV and VV syllables of DDK tasks. Third, the frequency of articulatory error in DDK performance was significantly higher in the age of 4 than other two groups.

• MALSORI
• /
• no.4
• /
• pp.20-30
• /
• 1982

The aim of this paper is to analyse difficulties of the pronunciation in swedish vowels encountered by Koreans learners and to seek solutions in order to correct the possible errors. In the course of the analysis the swedish and Korean vowels in question are compared with the purpose of describing differences aha similarities between these two systems. This contrastive description is largely based on the students' articulatory speech level ana the writer's auditory , judgement . The following points are discussed : 1 ) Vowel length as a distinctive feature in Swedish compared with that of Korean. 2) A special attention is paid on the Swedish vowel [w:] that is characterized by its peculiar type of lip rounding. 3) The six pairs of Swedish vowels that are phonologically contrastive but difficult for Koreans to distinguish one from the other: [y:] ~ [w:], [i:] ~ [y:], [e:] ~ [${\phi}$:], [w;] ~ [u:] [w:] ~ [$\theta$], [$\theta$] ~ [u] 4) The r-colored vowel in the case of the postvocalic /r/ that is very common in American English is not allowed in English sound sequences. The r-colored vowel in the American English pattern has to be broken up and replaced hi-segmental vowel-consonant sequences . Korean accustomed to the American pronunciation are warned in this respect. For a more distinct articulation of the postvocalic /r/ trill [r] is preferred to fricative [z]. 5) The front vowels [e, $\varepsilon, {\;}{\phi}$) become opener variants (${\ae}, {\;}:{\ae}$] before / r / or supradentals. The results of the analysis show that difficulties of the pronunciation of the target language (Swedish) are mostly due to the interference from the Learner's source language (Korean). However, the Learner sometimes tends to get interference also from the other foreign language with which he or she is already familiar when he or she finds in that language more similarity to the target language than in his or her own mother tongue. Hence this foreign language (American English) in this case functions as a second language for Koreans in Learning Swedish.

• Journal of Korean language education
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.37-60
• /
• 2017

This research has its basis with focus on the way Korean native speakers recognize Chinese Korean-learners' pronunciation. The objective of the study is to lay the cornerstone for establishing effective teaching-learning strategies for the education of the Korean phonetic system. In this study, the results of the experiment are presented which shows how native speakers of Korean identify Chinese Korean-learners' pronunciation of consonants. In the first place, stimulation tones were created from the original utterances of Chinese Korean-learners and seven scripts were made through the Pratt program. In addition, the subjects were asked to choose what the phonetic materials sounded like. The results of the research are represented as the ratio of frequency of Korean native speakers' response to each utterance to the total frequency. In addition, the paired t-test was taken in order to explore any relatedness to the changes in the level of proficiency of the Korean phonetic system, ranging from beginners to advanced learners. The outcome shows that the mistakes which Chinese Korean-learners make in pronouncing the consonants of Korean are relatively well-reflected in Korean native speakers' auditory cognitive reactions. To put it concretely, there is some difficulty in differentiating lax consonants from aspirates in the cases of plosives and affricates, but relatively little trouble with fortes. However, it is revealed that there is also a slight difference in relation to articulatory positions in detailed aspects. To provide an effective teaching method for the Korean phonetic system, it is essential to comprehend learners' phonetic mistakes through the precise analysis of data in terms of 'production.' Also, a more meticulous observation of 'phenomena' must be made through verification from the view of 'reception,' as attempted in this study. A more thorough diagnosis by applying methodology makes it possible to lay the foundation for developing effective teaching-learning strategies for the instruction of the Korean phonetic system. This study has its significance in making such attempts.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.39 no.6
• /
• pp.1105-1115
• /
• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this review is to investigate clinical studies on Oriental medicine treatment for aphasia after cerebrovascular disease. Methods: Using the keywords 'Aphasia', 'Oriental medicine', 'Stroke' 'Cerebral infarction', 'Cerebral hemorrhage', and 'Clinic', we searched domestic databases, including "NDSL (National Discovery for Science Leaders)", "Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal", "OASIS (Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System)", and "RISS (Research Information Sharing Service)". Each keyword was not searched individually, but combined in various ways. To investigate recent trends, we limited our search to papers published after 2000. Papers that did not include a specific treatment method or did not match the subject "Aphasia after stroke" were excluded. Results: Using the searching method, 13 studies were found. Of these, 12 studies were in the form of case reports, while one was in the form of a non-randomized controlled trial. These studies showed positive results for the use of Oriental medicine in terms of the Korean version of the Western Aphasia Battery (K-WAB), the evaluation form on functional performance capability and accuracy of articulatory organs developed by Lee, aphasia screening test refered in 'Assessment in Speech-Language Pathology' and adapted properly to Korean, the Communicative Ability in Daily Living Test (CADLT), the Korean Version-Boston Naming Test (K-BNT), and language assessment items included in CNS, and NIHSS. Conclusions: Of the 12 case reports, 11 studies showed positive results of the use of Oriental medicine for treatment of aphasia after cerebrovascular disease. However, more sophisticated and large-scale clinical research on aphasia should be conducted.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.433-441
• /
• 2019

In this paper, a method of estimating speech parameters for ultrasonic Doppler signals reflected from the articulatory muscles using LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) RNN (Recurrent Neural Networks) was introduced and compared with the method using MLP (Multi-Layer Perceptrons). LSTM RNN were used to estimate the Fourier transform coefficients of speech signals from the ultrasonic Doppler signals. The log energy value of the Mel frequency band and the Fourier transform coefficients, which were extracted respectively from the ultrasonic Doppler signal and the speech signal, were used as the input and reference for training LSTM RNN. The performance of LSTM RNN and MLP was evaluated and compared by experiments using test data, and the RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) was used as a measure. The RMSE of each experiment was 0.5810 and 0.7380, respectively. The difference was about 0.1570, so that it confirmed that the performance of the method using the LSTM RNN was better.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.21-29
• /
• 2023

This study investigates the transitional aspect of vowel harmony in Korean verbal conjugation. By observing the patterns of harmonic and disharmonic tokens of 42 verbal stems searched for in the National Institute of Korean Language (NIKL) Korean Dialogue Corpus 2020/2021, I found that disharmonic tokens appeared less than 0.1% of time, most of which consisted of an /a/-stem with a monosyllabic sentence-final suffix. It was noted that disharmonic pattern started to spread to other suffixes and possibly to /o/-stems. A simple perception test showed that the disharmonic forms might have originated from vowel reduction or undershoot. These results suggest that the ongoing change is accounted for from both the articulatory and perceptual perspectives.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.166-173
• /
• 2024

This study explores lip-sync detection, focusing on the synchronization between lip movements and voices in videos. Typically, lip-sync detection techniques involve cropping the facial area of a given video, utilizing the lower half of the cropped box as input for the visual encoder to extract visual features. To enhance the emphasis on the articulatory region of lips for more accurate lip-sync detection, we propose utilizing a pre-trained visual attention-based encoder. The Visual Transformer Pooling (VTP) module is employed as the visual encoder, originally designed for the lip-reading task, predicting the script based solely on visual information without audio. Our experimental results demonstrate that, despite having fewer learning parameters, our proposed method outperforms the latest model, VocaList, on the LRS2 dataset, achieving a lip-sync detection accuracy of 94.5% based on five context frames. Moreover, our approach exhibits an approximately 8% superiority over VocaList in lip-sync detection accuracy, even on an untrained dataset, Acappella.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.18-26
• /
• 1997

There are two types of phonetic study, acoustic and physiologic, for differentiating the three manner categories of Korean stop consonants. On the physiologic studies, there are endoscopic, electromyographic(EMG), electroglottographic(EGG) and aerodynamic studies. In this study, I tried to investigate general features of Korean stops using EGG study for the open quotient of vocal fold and baseline shift during speech, and aerodynamic characteristics for e subglottal air pressure, air flow and glottal resistance at consonants. On the aerodynamic study, the glottalized and aspirated stops may be characterized by e increasing subglottal pressure comparing with lenis stop at consonants. The airflow is largest in the aspirated stops followed by lenis stops and glottalized. The glottal airway resistance (GAR) showed highest in the glottalized followed by the lenis, but lowest in e aspirated during e production of consonants, and showed highest in e aspirated, but low in the glottalized and lenis during the production of vowel. The glottal resistance at consonant showed significant difference among consonants and significant interaction between subject and types of consonant. The glottal resistance at vowel showed significant difference among consonants, and e interaction occured between subject and types of consonant. The electroglottography(EGG) has been used for investigating e functioning of e vocal folds during its vibration. The EGG should be related to the patterns of the vocal fold vibration during phonation in characterizing the temporal patterns of each vibratory cycle. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamic change of EGG waveforms during continuous speech. The dynamic changes of EGG waveforms fir the three-way distinction of Korean stops were characterized that the aspirated stop appears to be characterized by largest open quotient and smallest glottal contact area of the vocal folds in e initial portion of vocal fold vibration ; the lenis stop by moderate open quotient and glottal contact area ; but the glottalized stop by smallest open quotient and largest glottal contact area. There may be close relationship between the OQ(open quotient) in the initial voice onset and the glottal width at the time of consonant production, the larger glottal width just before vocal fold vibration results in the smaller OQ of the vocal fold vibration in the initial voice onset. The EGG changes of baseline shift during continuous speech production were characterized by the different patterns for the three types of Korean consonants. The small and less stiffness change of baseline shift was found for the lenis and the glottalized, and the largest and stiffest change was found for the aspirated. On the baseline shift for the initial voice onset, they showed so similar patterns with for the consonant production, larger changed in the aspirated. for the lenis and the glottalized during the initial voice onset, three subjects showed individual difference each other. I suggest at s characteristics were strongly related with articulatory activity of vocal tract for the production of consonant, especially for the aspirated stop. The suspecting factors to affect EGG waveforms are glottal width, vertical laryngeal movement and the intrapharyngeal pressure to neighboring tissue during connected spech. So the EGG may be an useful method to describe laryngeal activity to classify pulsing conditions of the larynx during speech production, and EGG research can be controls for monitoring the vocal tract articulation, although above factors to affect EGG would have played such a potentially role on vocal fold vibratory behavior obtained using consonant production.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.3-10
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the acoustic characteristics of Korean alveolar sibilant sounds of children with cerebral palsy by acoustic analysis. Thirteen children with spastic cerebral palsy aging from 6 to 10 years old, were selected by an articulation test, and compared with a control group of thirty children. The meaningless monosyllable CV, disyllable VCV(/asa/) and frame sentence including target syllables CV were measured. C was from the /s, s'/, and V was from the set /a, i, u, ${\varepsilon}$, o, ɯ, ʌ/. Multi-Speech was used for data recording and analysis. As a result, the frication duration of lenis-glottalized alveolar sibilant of children with cerebral palsy was significantly shorter than that of the control group in CV, VCV and frame sentence. The vowel duration in the following lenis-glottalized alveolar sibilant of children with cerebral palsy was significantly longer than that of the control group in CV, VCV and frame sentence. The children with cerebral palsy showed frequency and intensity of friction intervals which were significantly lower than in the control group in CV, VCV and frame sentence. In the comparison of the lenis-glottalized alveolar sibilant by the children with cerebral palsy group's phonation types, the frication duration showed a significant difference between the phonation types in CV, VCV and between the phonetic contexts. The glottalized-sibilant was longer than the lenis-sibilant in all the phonetic contexts. The subsequent vowel duration showed a significant difference between the phonation types in VCV and between the phonetic contexts(p<.05). The vowel duration in the following glottalized-sibilant was longer than the vowel duration in the following lenis-sibilant in all the phonetic contexts. In the frequency there was a significant difference between the phonation types in CV, and in the intensity there was a significant difference between the phonation type in CV and VCV. The children with spastic cerebral palsy had difficulty in articulating the alveolar sibilant due to poor control ability in laryngeal, respiration and articulatory movements which require fine motor coordination. This study quantitatively analyzes the acoustic parameters of the alveolar sibilant in various phonetic contexts. Therefore, the results are expected to help provide fundamental data for an intervention of articulation treatment for children with cerebral palsy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.53-67
• /
• 2005

It is known that Korean stop consonants in syllable-initial position are of three types : lax, aspirated and forced (or unaspirated). In syllable-final position, however, these three different types are merged to a single type with the same place of articulation, although the original three-way distinction is preserved in Korean orthographic (Hangul) system. Thus the syllable-final stops are phonetically realized as voiceless "applosives" which are characterized by the absence of oral release. The aim of the present study is to investigate the laryngeal adjustments for these syllable-final stops in various phonological conditions by using fiberscope, and, is to further investigate electromyographically the laryngeal adjustments for Korean stops both in the syllable-initial and final positions in various phonological conditions. The results can be summarized as follows : 1. In the case of syllable-initial stops, the glottal widths in each three types of the Korean stops during the articulatory closure are clearly different. And the pattern of thyroarytenoid(VOC) activity appeared to characterize the three different types of Korean stops. 2. The basic laryngeal feature of the Korean syllable-final applosives is characterized by a small degree of glottal opening which begins at or slightly after the oral closure. 3. In the case, syllable-final stop followed by the copula "ita", the syllable- final stop is pronounced as the stop consonant at the initial position of the following syllable containing the vowel[i], the underlying features of three-way distinction for the stops in the Korean orthographic(Hangul) system being manifested at the laryngeal adjustment. 4. In the case of the final applosives followed by the initial stops and fricatives, the laryngeal feature of the final applosives appears to be assimilated by that of the following consonant irrespective of the difference in the place of articulation, as far as the glottal abduction/adduction is concerned. It is clearly demonstrated in the case of syllable-initial stop that thyoarytenoid(VOC) activity is suppressed for the production of the stop consonants in question, the degree of which is slightest for the forced type and most marked for the aspirated type, while it is moderate for the lax type.