• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of arsenic (As) fractions in paddy soils in relation to some soil characteristics and to find out the relationship between As fractions in soil and As content in brown rice. Soils and rice samples were collected from paddy field adjacent to arsenic mining and refinery sites. Sequential extraction procedures were used to fractionate As in soils into the designated forms of water soluble-As, Al-As, Fe-As, Ca-As, and residual-As. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The percent distribution of As fractions in soil showed a wide difference depending on some soil properties. The relative abundance of the extractable inorganic As fractions was in the order of Fe-As>Al-As>Ca-As>Water soluble-As regardless of mining and refinery sites. Residual-As fraction was more abundant in mining site than in refinery site. 2. With increasing soil pH, the percent distribution of Fe-As and Al-As fractions were decreased, but that of Ca-As and Residual-As fractions increased. The percent distribution of Al-As fraction in soil was negatively correlated with soil CEC, but others showed positive relationships. 3. Active Al and Fe content, and exchangeable Ca content in soil were positively correlated with the percent distribution of Al-As, Fe-As, and Ca-As fractions in soil respectively, and higher correlation between them was shown in mining site than in refinery site. 4. Soil As fractions, except for water soluble-As, showed significant correlation with among each others and also with 1N HCl extration method using as the common soil As extractant in Korea. 5. Arsenic content in brown rice had highly significant correlation with Al-As fraction in soil and it also showed significant correlation with Fe-As and Ca-As fractions, Total-As, and 1N-HCl extractable As.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.138-142
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• 2018

The physical properties and heavy metal content in rices that were grown in different conditions were compared; two paddy rices grown in irrigated water and a Jeju rice grown in dry field without irrigation. The pasting properties, color, or amylopectin chain length distribution were different, however, they were independent of growing conditions. For heavy metals such as Pb or Cd, Jeju rice showed similar content to paddy rices. However, total and inorganic arsenic (As) contents were much lower; for Jeju rice, the total arsenic content was only 10.1-17.9% of that in two paddy rices, and the inorganic arsenic was just corresponding to 15% of that in paddy rice. The inorganic arsenic content decreased by 34.1, 23.8, and 17.5% in paddy rice by soaking, cooking, and dripping with hot water, respectively.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.293-301
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of the concentrations of selected trace metals and inorganic anions in five types of drinking water samples (mineral spring water, well water, small community water, municipal tap water, and commercial mineral water) collected from Chuncheon, Gangwon-do in 2007. Forty four samples were analyzed for five metals and five anions using an atomic absorption spectrometer and an ion chromatograph, respectively. Arsenic (As) and nitrate (${NO_3}^-$) concentrations in some groundwater samples did not meet the future (10 ${\mu}g/L$) and current (44 mg/L) Korean drinking water standards, respectively. On the other hand, any municipal tap water samples, the sources of which were lake surface water, satisfied the Korean standards. Human health risk assessment results showed that arsenic in all types of water, especially groundwater including commercial mineral water, may pose both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic effects on the residents. It is concluded that groundwater is not safe drinking water any longer and that a national survey and follow-up measures need to be taken.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.391-396
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• 2015

Arsenic (As) contamination of agricultural soils resulting from mining activity has caused major concern due to the potential health risk. Therefore the current study was carried out to investigate the relationship between fractionation of As in soil and rice uptake and to provide a basic information for adequate management of As contaminated agricultural soil. Twenty agricultural soils and rice affected by the abandoned mining sites were collected. Soil chemical properties and As concentrations (total and sequential extracted) in soils were determined and As concentrations in polished rice were analyzed. The average concentration of As in non-specifically adsorbed (F1), specifically adsorbed (F2), amorphous hydrous oxides of Fe and Al (F3), crystalline hydrous oxides of Fe and Al (F4) and residual phase (F5) were 0.08, 1.38, 10.34, 3.26 and $10.98mgkg^{-1}$, respectively. Both soil pH and available phosphorus were positively correlated with the concentrations of As in F1 and F2. These results indicate that increasing the soil pH and available phosphorus can significantly increase the easily mobile fractions of As (F1 and F2). The average concentration of As in polished rice was $0.09mgkg^{-1}$. The concentrations of As in F1 and F2 showed a positive correlation with the concentrations of As in polished rice. Therefore soil pH and available phosphorus affect the distribution of As fractionation in soils and thus affect As bioavailability.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.35-44
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• 1985

The purposes of this study were, first, to investigate retention levels of toxic elements and oxide individual plies for each panel and, second, to examine disproportioning of individual toxic elements Thirty five water gum plywood panels were treated with a copper-chromium-arsenic preservative (CCA) by the soaking process as the treament time were applied. Such individual plies at a distance of 2.5cm, 7.5cm from the edge were assayed for CuO, $CrO_3$, and $As_2O_5$ on the basis of copper, chromium and arsenic content by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. In these experiments, 12mm thickness plywood panels made of water gum, which were selling, were selected for the preservative treatment. Treating solutions were prepared for 10%, dilute solution of copper-chromium-arsenic preservative and then 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours soaking trements in CCA preservative were applied. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The retention of total oxide in the face and back plies (1+7) retained more than the retention of total oxide in the other plies. The total oxide retention for the individual plies except the face and back plies (1+7) was showed in the following orders; cross plies (3+5), cross plies (2+6), core ply (4). 2. The retentions of total oxide increased as the increase of treatment time. The CCA treated plywood retained high levels of total oxide retention in the face and back plies (1+7). 3. All the retentions in the face and back plies (1+7) is over 5Kg/$m^3$, New Zealand Timber Preservation Standards Specification, and after 6 hours, the retentions in the cross plies (3+5) is over 4. The relative penetration of copper, chromium, and arsenic were not affected by the treatment time. The proportion of arsenic decreased in relation to both copper and chromium and the proportion of copper increased in relation to both chromium and arsenic. 5. A disproportioning of copper, chromium occurred with longer distance from edge, and with longer distance from edge the leachability resistance of CCA treated specimens decreased. After 6 hours (soaking time), the proportion of active elements at a distance of 2.5cm from the edge was consistent. And after 24 hours-soaking, the proportion of active elements at a distance of 7.5cm from the edge was consistent.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.620-625
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• 2006

In this investigation, an ICP-DRC/MS method to measure arsenic with ultra-trace concentration without any interference by the compounds such as $^{40}Ar^{35}Cl^+\;and\;^{40}Ca^{35}Cl^+$, which disturb the precise measurement of arsonic was described. Thus, the oxgen was introduced into the dynamic reaction cell as reaction gas and reacted with arsenic ion created in plasma gas, $AsO^+$ was formed and detected with m/z of 91 by ICP-MS. It resulted in better detection limit than the old method with m/z of 75($As^+$). The optimum condition for oxygen supply as the reaction gas was 0.5 mL/min. The analytical features of the method are as follows: detection limit of $0.02{\mu}g/L$, precision(RSD) of 3.4%, and recovery of 96%. Arsenic in the water samples from the tributary streams to the Han River and the main stream of Paldang were analyzed with this method to identify the characteristics in its distribution. The concentration of As ranged from 0.53 to $1.26{\mu}g/L$. We could measure As with very low concentration, less than $1.0{\mu}g/L$, with excellent reproducibility. The method developed is expected to be applied to analyze As of the samples from sea water, food, and domestic and industrial waste water which have high concentration of Cl and/or Ca.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2007

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the present status of several environmental problems caused by emerging toxic substances such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and arsenic in various environmental media in Vietnam. Monitoring data reported during the 1990s demonstrated elevated contamination of DDTs in most of these compartments in Vietnam. Studies in frame of the Asia-Pacific Mussel Watch Program revealed that fish, mussels and resident birds from Vietnam contained higher concentrations of DDTs as compared to other countries in region, suggesting the role of Vietnamese environment as a significant emission source of DDT in the Southeast Asian region. The estimated dietary intakes of PCBs and DDTs for Vietnamese were relatively high among Asian developing countries, suggesting potential risk for humans posed by thesechemicals. Widespread contamination of some endocrine active compounds such as alkylphenols and phthalates was observed at various sites along the coasts of northern and middle Vietnam. The presence of significant source of bisphenol-A along Red River estuary was revealed with the concentrations comparable to those reported for developed nations. A case study on seasonal variation of alkylphenols and phthalates in surface water of river delta and estuary of north and middle Vietnam indicated the differences in distribution of these compounds between dry and rainy seasons. Higher concentrations of alkylphenols and phthalates were found in dry season in estuary; while the contrasting pattern was observed in the river delta, showing elevated residues in rainy season. This result suggests the different behavior of alkylphenols and phthalates in river delta and coastal environment. From ecotoxicological perspectives, concentrations of bis-phenol A and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalates [DEHP] in surface water from some locations in Vietnam exceeded the guideline values for Ecotoxicological Effects and the Environmental Risk Limit, respectively, suggesting potential for toxic implications on aquatic wildlife. Widespread and elevated arsenic contamination was discovered inour recent surveys in groundwater in a large area of suburban areas of Hanoi city, the capital of Vietnam. The most recent investigation in 4 villages showed about more than 50 % of groundwater samples contained As concentrations exceeding 50 g/L (the WHO and Vietnamese standard). In particular, in Son Dong villages, 58 % of samples analyzed contained As concentrations higher than 200 g/L. Good correlations were found in As concentrations in water and hair and urine of peoples in corresponding families, suggesting the chronic exposure to As by people living in As-contaminated ground water areas. In Son Dong village, As levels in hair (mean: 1.7 mg/kg dry wt) and urine (g/g creatinine) exceeding the reference values recommended by WHO, suggesting potential for human risk posed by long term accumulation of As in human body. Future studies should be focused on the time trends of POPs and EDCs in biota in Vietnam in order to predict future trend of contamination and to reveal new clues for understanding possible toxic impacts on aquatic organisms. The issues of arsenic contamination in groundwater and their chronic toxic implications on human health should be systematically investigated in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.239-244
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Heavy metals contamination of soils in the vicinity of abandoned mines in South Korea has been investigated. However, PAHs contamination rarely has been studied. Both heavy metals and PAHs concentrations have been measured in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS: The samples of soil and sediment were collected from the vicinities of three abandoned coal mines and two abandoned metal mines for analysis of heavy metals contaminants and PAHs concentration from April to September 2012. After preparation of these samples following the Korean standard test method for soils, the concentrations of heavy metals contaminants and PAHs were measured using ICP-OES and GC-MS, respectively. It was observed that the concentration of Arsenic was above the concern level based on 'area 1' suggested by Korean soil conservation law, resulting that Arsenic is the main contaminant in these areas. Also Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were observed as a partial contaminants. The concentrations of other investigated components including benzo(a)pyrene were less than the concern level. CONCLUSION: The correlation observed between Arsenic (as main contaminant) and PAHs concentrations suggested that the contaminant source and pathway are different for each other. The effect of mine activity on PAHs concentration was rarely observed.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.64-72
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• 2007

Nationwide occurrence of arsenic in groundwater of Korea was investigated with the data from the groundwater quality monitoring stations. During 2001-2006, As has been quantitatively detected in 3.0 % of the total wells $(5.0{\sim}188{\mu}g/L)$, and its geographical distribution suggests 3 groups: an urbanized and industrialized area (Seoul and its neighbouring province), and two naturally occurring areas (Chungbuk and Gyeongnam provinces). Natural occurrence of As appears to be geologically related with Ogcheon metasedimentary rocks and Cretaceous volcanic rocks. Based on the results of the previous studies in the high As sites, the oxidation of sulfides can be a major control on As concentrations in groundwater in the mineralized and altered zone within the area of Cretaceous volcanic rocks. Desorption process under slightly high pH conditions may also be responsible for high As in groundwater in areas of Ogcheon metasedimentary rocks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.149-157
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• 2000

This paper presents the first results of dissolved arsenic in the Kangnung Namdae stream. The distribution of As concentrations measured in 28 August (high water flow) and in 21 November 1997 (low water flow) differs from those of other metals measured during the same period; The concentrations of Doam-dam are lower than those of Obong-dam and accumulation in the downstream in the period of low water flow is not pronounced. The As concentration in the downstream under the low water flow is lower than under high water flow, reciprocally to other metals. Freshwater concentrations are comparable with those measured in pristine river and lower than the world average and the diffrence of concentrations measured during two period is minute. Therefore, the As concentrations in the Namdae stream are background level and the source of As contamination does not exist. In the mixing zone between the freshwater and Donghae seawater, As behave conservatively, indicating the absence of any significant removal or mobilization processes. A first estimation of total dissolved As input from Namdae stream to Donghae coastal sea shows 65.12 kg/yr.