• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1223-1229
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• 2015

Oryzalin is a dinitroaniline herbicide, which disrupts the arrangement of microtubules. Microtubules and microfilaments are cytoskeletal components that are thought to play a role in the sedimentation of statoliths and the formation of cell walls. Statoliths regulate the perception of gravity by columella cells in the root tip. To determine the effect of oryzalin on the gravitropic response, ethylene production in primary roots of maize was investigated. Treatment with 10^-4 M oryzalin to the root tip inhibited the growth and gravitropic response of the roots. However, the treatment had no effect on the elongation zone of the roots. An application of 10^-4 M oryzalin for 15 hr to the root tip caused root tip swelling. The application of 1-aminocycopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), a precursor of ethylene, to the root tip also inhibited the gravitropic response. To understand the role of oryzalin in the regulation of the growth and gravitropic response of roots, ethylene production in the primary roots of maize was measured following treatment with oryzalin. Oryzalin stimulated ethylene production via the activation of ACC oxidase (ACO) and ACC synthase (ACS), and it increased the expression of ACO and ACS genes. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) played a key role in the asymmetric elongation rates observed during gravitropism. The results suggest that oryzalin alters the gravitropic response of maize roots through modification of the arrangement of microtubules. This might reduce the distribution of IAA in the upper and lower sides of the elongation zone and increase ethylene production, thereby inhibiting growth and gravitropic responses.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.4
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• pp.387-392
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• 2007

Characteristics of needle morphology and anatomy were examined in 14 populations of Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim. and A. koreana Wilson. Additionally we studied the classification index to distinguish between the species by the method of discriminant analysis. Characteristics of needle for A. nephrolepis could be distinguished from those for A. koreana by flatten arrangement, thin and long length for needle form, many stomata row, and marginal position of resin duct Nested ANOVA showed that there were statistically significant differences among populations as well as among individuals within populations in all 9 needle traits. For the needle indices such as needle thickness, number of stomata row, and the distance between resin duct and vascular for both species, variance components among populations were larger than those among individuals within populations. The characteristics that contributed most to the separation of A. nephrolepis and A. koreana according to the discriminant analysis using stepdisc procedures were needle index and thickness of needle, needle arrangement index, distance between resin duct and vascular, and number of stomata row.

• Computational Structural Engineering
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.95-103
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• 1994

The safety related components in the nuclear power plant should be designed to withstand the seismic load. Among these components the integrity of reactor internals under earthquake load is important in stand points of safety and economics, because these are classified to Seismic Class I components. So far the modelling methods of reactor internals have been investigated by many authors. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of reactor internals of Yong Gwang 1&2 nuclear power plants under SSE(Safe Shutdown Earthquake) load is analyzed by using of the simpled Global Beam Model. For this, as a first step, the characteristic analysis of reactor internal components are performed by using of the finite element code ANSYS. And the Global Beam Model for reactor internals which includes beam elements, nonlinear impact springs which have gaps in upper and lower positions, and hydrodynamical couplings which simulate the fluid-filled cylinders of reactor vessel and core barrel structures is established. And for the exciting external force the response spectrum which is applied to reactor support is converted to the time history input. With this excitation and the model the dynamic behaviour of reactor internals is obtained. As the results, the structural integrity of reactor internal components under seismic excitation is verified and the input for the detailed duel assembly series model could be obtained. And the simplicity and effectiveness of Global Beam Model and the economics of the explicit Runge-Kutta-Gills algorithm in impact problem of high frequency interface components are confirmed.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2013

In this paper, the delamination and failures in frequency selected surface(FSS) caused by residual stresses in the FSS embedded hybrid composites due to the difference between the coefficients of thermal expansion of components and the transmission characteristic changes due to deformation of FSS patterns by residual stresses were studied. FSS may have different electromagnetic characteristics depending on the type of element, design variables, and arrangement. Design variables of dipole FSS were determined using PSO(Particle Swarm Optimization) to obtain the transmission characteristic for the target resonant frequency. Subsequently, the design variables of other types of N-pole(tripole, cross dipole, and Jerusalem cross) were determined based on the dimensions of the dipole for the comparisons of residual stresses of FSS embedded composite structures and transmission characteristics. In addition, effects of FSS pattern, and stacking sequence of composite laminates were considered.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.69-83
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• 2013

Clothes show not just the different social status of people, but the ideology and value of former society through pattern, colour, materials, shapes, etc. The purpose of this article is to fill the academic blank of this part by researching the pattern of fabric design in Jing Pai(Beiing style) and Hai Pai(Shanghai style) cheong-sam during the period of the Republic of China. The contrastive analysis of regional pattern between Jing Pai and Hai Pai cheong-sam expect to provide the theoretical basis for the former fashion designers and scholars. There are three approaches in the article: Data collection method, comparison method and Combining theory with practice method as film. Regarding components of pattern, both Jing Pai and Hai Pai cheong-sam have mostly single or composite pattern like plants. Further the most of Jing Pai cheong-sam pattern is traditional flower pattern. But Haipai cheong-sam patterns have some western flower pattern. Beside that, it have some geometry pattern. Regarding arrangement of the pattern, both cheong-sams have scattered dot style, the border style, and pictures style. But continuous type of Jing Pai cheong-sam is less while Hai Pai cheong-sam is the most. Comparing Jing Pai cheong-sam color of patterns in "Moment in Peking" is unadorned and types are simple as chinese traditional clothes; However, "In the Mood for Love" introduces us various material colors, new types of patterns and extraneous characteristic geometry patterns of Hai Pai cheong-sam. Generally speaking, the main characteristic of Jing Pai cheong-sam is traditional and conservatism. It keeps Chinese traditional pattern and culture to the most extent. However, Hai Pai cheong-sam are confluent and open with absorbed external culture and techniques which are endowed new artistic color.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.231-239
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• 1995

Alley cropping field experiment has been carried out for 24 months in lime-stone based dryland farming area of southern Bali to study the chemical composition and nutritive value of 16 provenances of Gliricidia sepium The design was a completely randomized block: arrangement, consisted of 16 treatments (G. sepium provenances) and 6 blocks as replications with 12 plants per provenance. Of the 16 gliricidia provenances, six were from Mexico (M), four were from Guatemala (G), one each was from Colombia (C), Indonesia (I), Nicaragua (N), Panama (P), Costa Rica (R) and Venezuela (V). After 12 months establishment, the gliricidia were lopped at 150 cm height regularly 4 times a year, twice during the 4 months wet season and twice during the 8 months dry season. The highest ash, mineral, total soluble phenol, prussic acid and digestibility were in V1; the highest crude fiber component was in M39; the highest gross energy was in P13, while the highest organic matter was in M35. Based on the highest nutritive constituents, V1, C24 and G14 were ranked first, second and third respectively, while based on the lowest non-nutritive constituents C24, V1 and N14 were ranked first, second and third, respectively. The importance of such provenances as source of nutrients for the ruminant during the dry season were discussed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2011

Twenty-four Holstein dairy cows were used to evaluate the single and combined effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and monensin treatment during early lactation on blood metabolites, milk yield and digestion of dairy cows. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized block with a $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors were three concentrations of CP supplement (19.5, 21.4, and 23.4% of dry matter) and two levels of monensin (0 and 350 mg per cow per day). The experiment consisted of three phases and each phase was 3 wk in length. Monensin did not affect milk yield, lactose, solids-non-fat (SNF), blood glucose, triglyceride and DMI, but increased blood cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), insulin and reduced blood ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), milk fat and protein percentage. Monensin premix significantly decreased rumen ammonia, but rumen pH and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by monensin treatment. Increasing dietary CP improved milk and protein production, but did not alter the other components of milk. Digestibility of NDF, ADF, CP were improved by increasing dietary CP. Increasing dietary CP from 19.5 to 21.4% had no significant effect on ruminal ammonia, but increasing CP to 23.4% significantly increased ruminal ammonia. There was a linear relationship between level of crude protein in the diet and volume of urine excretion. Microbial protein synthesis was affected by increasing CP level; in this way maximum protein synthesis was achieved at 23.4% CP.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.849-861
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• 1997

In this study, the effect of hole geometry of the cooling system on the flow and temperature field was numerically calculated. The finite volume method was employed to discretize the governing equation based on the non-orthogonal coordinate with non-staggered variable arrangement. The standard k-.epsilon. turbulence model was used and also the predicted results were compared with the experimental data to validate numerical modeling. The predicted results showed good agreement in all cases. To analyze the effect of the discharge coefficient for slots of different length to width, the inlet chamfering and radiusing holes were considered. The discharge coefficient was increased with increment of the chamfering ratio, radiusing ratio and slot length to width and also the effect of radiusing showed better result than chamfering in all cases. In order to analyze the difference between the predicted results with plenum region and without plenum region, the velocity profiles of jet exit region for a various flow conditions were calculated. The normal velocity components of jet exit showed big difference for the low slot length to width and high blowing rate cases. To analyze the flow phenomena injected from a row of inclined holes in a real turbine blade, three dimensional flow and temperature distribution of the region including plenum, hole and cross stream with flow conditions were numerically calculated. The results have shown three-dimensional flow characteristics, such as the development of counter rotating vortices, jetting effect and low momentum region within the hole in addition to counter rotating vortex structure in the cross stream.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2003

Growth characteristics and seed productivities of orchardgrass "Hwabsung 2 Ho" cultivated for seed production were examined in the NLRI from 2000 to 2002. The experimental design was a split-plot arrangement with three replications. The main-plots were three drill widths of 15, 30 and 45cm, and subplots were four nitrogen application levels of 45, 90, 135 and 180kg/ha in early spring. Lodging was less in 45cm of drill width than in 15 and 30cm and was not severe by 90kg per ha of nitrogen including 45cm of drill width. Number of panicles per $1\m^2$ was tended to be more in 15cm of drill width than in 30 or 45cm. Among 45cm of drill widths. 45kg per ha of nitrogen had most numerous panicles. Panicle length, number of 1st branch, weight of 1,000 grain, and germination of 30 or 45cm of drill width showed better characters than that of 15cm. Seed yield was not statistical different among the treatments but was some more in 30cm of drill width, and was tended not to be different among nitrogen levels. Therefore, considering lodging tolerances, seed yield components, and mechanizations, treatment with 45cm of drill width including 45kg per ha of nitrogen in early spring was better than other treatments for orchardgrass seed production.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.397-413
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• 2018

Excitation mechanism of interference effect between two tall buildings is investigated with wind tunnel experiments. Synchronized building surface pressure and flow field measurements by particle image velocimetry (PIV) are conducted to explore the relationship between the disturbed wind flow field and the consequent wind load modification for twin buildings in tandem. This reveals evident excitation mechanisms for the fluctuating across-wind loads on the buildings. For small distance (X/D < 3) between two buildings, the disturbed flow pattern of impaired vortex shedding is observed and the fluctuating across-wind load on the downstream building decreases. For larger distance ($X/D{\geq}3$), strong correlation between the across-wind load of the downstream building and the oscillation of the wake of the upstream building is found. By further analysis with conditional sampling and phase-averaged techniques, the coherent flow structures in the building gap are clearly observed and the wake oscillation of the upstream building is confirmed to be the reason of the magnified across-wind force on the downstream building. For efficient PIV measurement, the experiments use a square-section high-rise building model with geometry scale smaller than the usual value. Interference factors for all three components of wind loads on the building models being surrounded by another identical building with various configurations are measured and compared with those from previous studies made at large geometry scale. The results support that for interference effect between buildings with sharp corners, the length scale effect plays a minor role provided that the minimum Reynolds number requirement is met.