• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.969-977
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• 2024

Indigo is a valuable, natural blue dye that has been used for centuries in the textile industry. The large-scale commercial production of indigo relies on its extraction from plants and chemical synthesis. Studies are being conducted to develop methods for environment-friendly and sustainable production of indigo using genetically engineered microbes. Here, to enhance the yield of bioindigo from an E. coli whole-cell system containing tryptophanase (TnaA) and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), we evaluated tryptophan transporters to improve the transport of aromatic compounds, such as indole and tryptophan, which are not easily soluble and passable through cell walls. Among the three transporters, Mtr, AroP, and TnaB, AroP enhanced indigo production the most. The combination of each transporter with AroP was also evaluated, and the combination of AroP and TnaB showed the best performance compared to the single transporters and two transporters. Bioindigo production was then optimized by examining the culture medium, temperature, isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside concentration, shaking speed (rpm), and pH. The novel strain containing aroP and tnaB plasmid with tnaA and FMO produced 8.77 mM (2.3 g/l) of bioindigo after 66 h of culture. The produced bioindigo was further recovered using a simple method and used as a watercolor dye, showing good mixing with other colors and color retention for a relatively long time. This study presents an effective strategy for enhancing indigo production using a combination of transporters.

• 공업화학
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.712-718
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• 2005

본 연구는 콜타르로 오염된 토양을 슬러리상 생물반응기로 처리할 때에 재순환수 첨가가 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 실험실 규모의 슬러리상 생물반응기는 미생물활성이 최적으로 유지될 수 있도록 설정하였으며, 실험에 사용된 토양은 사질양토였다. 토양내의 콜타르와 14가지 PAHs 화합물의 농도는 가스크로마토그래피를 이용하여 분석하였다. 슬러리상 생물반응기는 2000 mg/kg 농도에서 재순환수 첨가의 영향이 미미하였다. 그러나 20000 mg/kg에서는 뚜렷한 효과를 나타내어 재순환수를 첨가한 경우의 1차반응속도상수와 제거율은 재순환수를 첨가하지 않은 경우 보다 각각 2.5배와 2.0배 정도가 증가되었다. 슬러리상 생물반응기에서 콜타르는 휘발(3.8~16.0%)과 분해(84.0~96.2%)에 의하여 제거되었으며, 분해에 의한 제거가 약 85% 이상이 되므로 주로 생물학적인 분해반응에 의하여 제거가 되는 것으로 평가되었다. 재순환수를 첨가한 경우에 고리수에 따른 PAHs 화합물의 제거에서 고리수가 3개인 경우에는 92.2~99.7%로 높은 제거율을 나타내었으며, 4개 이상의 고리수를 가진 화합물들은 분해되지 않거나 30% 미만으로 분해되었다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.83-93
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of additives in low sidestream cigarette papers, such as Mg$(OH)__2,\;TiO_2\;and\;KH_{2}PO_4$ on the delivery of mainstream and sidestream smoke. From the analysis of tar and nicotine in sidestream and mainstream smoke, the delivered ratios of tar and nicotine by sidestream to mainstream smoke in common cigarette paper were 5.32 and 8.60, respectively. However, the delivered ratios of those of the paper containing $Mg(OH)_2\;were\;2.25\~3.23,\;4.86\~7.14,\;Mg(OH)_2\;and\;KH_{2}PO_4\;were\;2.12\~2.92,\;4.67\~6.89,\;TiO_2\;was\;3.21,\;7.51 $ respectively. The deliver patterns of semi-volatile components in the cigarettes were similar each there, but a slight different pattern in the amount was observed depending on the kinds of compounds added in cigarette papers. In the cigarettes made of $Mg(OH)_2$ added paper, the aromatic components such as benzene, toluene and phenol were generated more while the aliphatic components like neophytadiene, ethyl decanoate were delivered less than the cigarettes made of common cigarette papers. However, the cigarettes manufactured with $Mg(OH)_2\;and\;KH_2PO_4$ added paper showed an opposite trend. The cigarettes made of $TiO_2$ added paper showed relatively low delivery in the most compounds measured. In sensory evaluation, cigarette papers tested were noticed a distinguishable sensory character between the low sidestream smokes with additive cigarette papers except $TiO_2$ added one. Moreover, aroma patterns detected by a electronic nose system in TPM were a similar tendency.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.1707-1714
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• 2012

Grb2 is an adapter protein involved in the signal transduction and cell communication. The Grb2 is responsible for initiation of kinase signaling by Ras activation which leads to the modification in transcription. Ligand based pharmacophore approach was applied to built the suitable pharmacophore model for Grb2. The best pharmacophore model was selected based on the statistical values and then validated by Fischer's randomization method and test set. Hypo1 was selected as a best pharmacophore model based on its statistical values like high cost difference (182.22), lowest RMSD (1.273), and total cost (80.68). It contains four chemical features, one hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), two hydrophobic (HY), and one ring aromatic (RA). Fischer's randomization results also shows that Hypo1 have a 95% significant level. The correlation coefficient of test set was 0.97 which was close to the training set value (0.94). Thus Hypo1 was used for virtual screening to find the potent inhibitors from various chemical databases. The screened compounds were filtered by Lipinski's rule of five, ADMET and subjected to molecular docking studies. Totally, 11 compounds were selected as a best potent leads from docking studies based on the consensus scoring function and critical interactions with the amino acids in Grb2 active site.

• 임산에너지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.56-70
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the structural characteristics of kraft lignin and the wood degrading characteristics, the productivity of ligninolytic enzymes and the enzymatic degradation of kraft lignin by white-rot fungi. To purify kraft lignin, precipitation of kraft pulping black liquors of pitch pine meal was done by titration with lN $H_{2}SO_{4}$ reaching to pH 2, and isolation of the precipitates done by centrifugation. The isolated precipitates from pitch pine were redissloved in lN NaOH, reprecipitated by titration with lN $H_{2}SO_{4}$, washed with deionized water, and kept ofr analysis after freeze drying. Fractionation of the precipitates in solution by successive extraction with $CH_{2}Cl_{2}$ and MeOH, and the fractionates were named SwKL, SwKL I, SwKL II, and SwKL III for pitch pine kraft lignin. The more molecular weights of kraft lignin increased, the less phenolic hydroxyl groups and the more aliphatic hydroxyl groups. Because as the molecular weights increased, the ratio of etherified guaiayl/syringyl(G/S ratio) and the percentage were increased. The spectra obtained by 13C NMR and FTIR assigned by comparing the chemical shifts of various signals with shifts of signals from autherized ones reported. The optimal growth temperature and pH of white-rot fungi in medium were $28^{\circ}C$ and 4.5-5.0, respectively. Especially, in temperature and pH range, and mycelial growth, the best white-rot fungus selected was Phanerochaete chrysosporium for biodegradation. For the degradation pathways, the ligninolytic fungus jcultivated with stationary culture using medium of 1% kraft lignin as a substrate for 3 weeks at $28^{\circ}C$. The weight loss of pitch pine kraft lignin was 15.8%. The degraded products extracted successively methoanol, 90% dioxane and diethyl ether. The ether solubles were analyzed by HPLC. Kraft lignin degradation was initiated in $\beta$-O-4 bonds of lignin by the laccase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium and the degraded compounds were produced from the cleavage of $C\alpha$-$C\beta$ linkages at the side chains by oxidation process. After $C\alpha$-$C\beta$ cleavage, $C\alpha$-Carbon was oxidized and changed into aldehyde and acidic compounds such as syringic acid, syringic aldehyde and vanilline. And the other compound as quinonemethide, coumarin, was analyzed. The structural characteristics of kraft lignin were composed of guaiacyl group substituted functional OHs, methoxyl, and carbonyl at C-3, -4, and -5 and these groups were combinated with $\alpha$ aryl ether, $\beta$ aryl ether and biphenyl. Kraft lignin degradation pathways by Phanerochaete chrysosporium were initially accomplished cleavage of $C\alpha$-$C\beta$ linkages and $C\alpha$ oxidation at the propyl side chains and finally cleavage of aromatic ring and oxidation of OHs.

• 공업화학
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.234-238
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• 2015

모델 콜타르 유분 중에 함유된 질소고리화합물(NHC)의 분리를 메탄올과 포름아마이드 추출에 의해 비교했다. 원료로서는 4종류의 NHC (NHCs : 퀴놀린, 이소퀴놀린, 인돌, 퀴날딘), 3종류의 2환 방향족 화합물(BACs : 1-메틸나프탈렌, 2-메틸나프탈렌, 디메틸나프탈렌), 비페닐과 페닐에테르로 제조한 모델 콜타르 유분을 사용했다. 용매로서는 메탄올과 포름아마이드 수용액을 사용했다. 원료와 용매의 접촉 장치로서는 회분 교반기를 사용했다. 사용한 용매와 무관하게, 초기 용매 함수율의 감소와 평형조작 온도의 상승은 NHCs의 분배계수를 급격히 증가시켰으나, 역으로 BACs를 기준한 NHCs의 선택도를 감소시켰다. 초기 용매/원료의 체적비가 감소함에 따라 NHCs의 분배계수는 감소했으나, BACs를 기준한 NHCs의 선택도는 거의 일정했다. 동일한 실험조건에서, NHCs의 분배계수는 메탄올 추출이 포름아마이드 추출에 비해 약 3~5배 높았으나, BACs를 기준한 NHCs의 선택도는 역으로 포름아마이드 추출이 메탄올 추출에 비해 3~7배 높았다. 또한, NHCs의 용해력과 선택도의 밸런스에 NHCs의 추출처리속도를 부가하여 두 용매 추출법을 비교했다.

• 공업화학
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.467-472
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 aquathermolysis 반응을 이용하여 감압잔사유(VR)의 개질 반응을 실시하였다. 감압잔사유는 30 bar, $300^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 24 h 동안 수증기(steam)와 반응하면, 구성성분 중에서 레진류와 아스팔텐류가 감소하고, 포화탄화수소류(saturates)나 방향족탄화수소류(aromatics)가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 경향은 수증기(steam)량이 감압잔사유와 동일 중량부 이상으로 과량 사용 시 더 확연하였다. $300^{\circ}C$, 30 bar 이상에서 48 h 반응하는 경우 VR 조성물은 초기상태(S/A/R/A = 7.3%/43.7%/25.6%/23.5%)에서 최종상태(S/A/R/A = 6.8%/57%/12.2%/24.0%)로 레진류의 함량이 전체에서 13% 정도 감소하고 방향족화합물들은 13% 정도 증가하였다. 이때 점도는 880,000 cp에서 290,000 cp로 68% 정도 감소하였다. 수소를 제공하기 쉬운 데칼린(decalin)을 10% 첨가하는 경우 24 h에 점도가 68% 정도 감소하였고, VR 조성물은 초기상태(S/A/R/A = 7.3%/43.7%/25.6%/23.5%)에서 최종상태(S/A/R/A = 4.5%/63.5%/12.5%/20.0%)로 레진류 및 아스팔텐의 함량이 49%에서 17%가 감소하였고, 방향족 화합물의 함량이 63.5%로 극대화되었다. Aquathermolysis 반응으로 형성된 기체층을 포집하여 GC-MS spectroscopy로 분석한 결과 에틸벤젠, 옥탄, 디메틸벤젠 등 다양한 탄화수소 화합물들이 검출됨을 확인하였다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.198-205
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• 2005

Resveratrol (RES) and genistein (GEN) are the dietary natural products known to possess chemopreventive property and also the ability to repair DNA damage induced by mutagens/carcinogens. It is believed that the therapeutic activity of these compounds could be primarily due to their interaction with nucleic acids but detailed reports are not available. We here explore the interaction of these drugs with nucleic acids considering DNA and RNA as a potential therapeutic target. The interaction of RES and GEN has been analysed in buffered solution with DNA [saline sodium citrate (SSC)] and RNA [tris ethylene diammine tetra acetic acid (TE)] using UV-absorption and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The UV analysis revealed lesser binding affinity with nucleic acids at lower concentration of RES (P/D = 5.00 and 10.00), while at higher drug concentration (P/D = 0.75, 1.00 and 2.50) hyperchromic effect with shift in the ${\lambda}_{max}$ is noted for DNA and RNA. A major RES-nucleic acids complexes was observed through base pairs and phosphate backbone groups with K = $35.782\;M^{-1}$ and K = $34.25\;M^{-1}$ for DNA-RES and RNA-RES complexes respectively. At various concentrations of GEN (P/D = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 2.50) hyperchromicity with shift in the ${\lambda}_{max}$ from 260 $\rightarrow$ 263 om and 260 $\rightarrow$ 270 nm is observed for DNA-GEN and RNA-GEN complexes respectively. The binding constant (from UV analysis) for GEN-nucleic acids complexes could not be obtained due to GEN absorbance overlap with that of nucleic acids at 260 nm. Nevertheless a detailed analysis with regard to the interaction of these drugs (RES/GEN) with DNA and RNA could feasibly be understood by FTIR spectroscopy. The NH band of free DNA and RNA which appeared at $3550-3100\;cm^{-1}$ and $3650-2700\;cm^{-1}$ shifted to $3450-2950\;cm^{-1}$ and $3550-3000\;cm^{-1}$ in DNA-RES and RNA-RES complexes respectively. Similarly shifts corresponding to $3650-3100\;cm^{-1}$ and $3420-3000\;cm^{-1}$ have been observed in DNA-GEN and RNA-GEN complexes respectively. The observed reduction in NH band of free nucleic acids upon complexation of these drugs is an indication of the involvement of the hydroxyl (OH) and imino (NH) group during the interaction of the drugs and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) through H-bonded formation. The interaction of RES and GEN with bases appears in the order of G $\geq$ T > C > A and A > C $\geq$ T > G. Further interaction of these natural compounds with DNA and RNA is also supported by changes in the vibrational frequency (shift/intensity) in symmetrical and asymmetrical stretching of aromatic rings of drugs in the complex spectra. No appreciable shift is observed in the DNA and RNA marker bands, indicating that the B-DNA form and A-family conformation of RNA are not altered during their interaction with RES and GEN.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.739-745
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• 2011

다양한 생리활성과 향미가 우수한 감귤류(밀감 및 유자)를 건조한 후 중급정도의 녹차와 혼합하여 밀감-녹차 및 유자-녹차를 제조하고 기호도와 관련 있는 휘발성 향기성분을 추출하여 GC 및 GC-MS로 분석, 동정하고 비교하였다. 밀감과 녹차를 1:1(w/w)로 혼합한 밀감-녹차의 향기성분으로 총 52종을 동정하였다. 밀감-녹차의 향기성분은 녹차의 향기성분인 꽃향을 띄는 linalool, phenyl acetaldehyde 등과 풋풋한 향을 띄는 hexanal 등에 건조밀감 특유의 향기성분인 limonene 등의 terpene hydrocarbons의 달콤한 과일향이 혼합되어 나타났으며, 유자와 녹차를 1:1(w/w)로 혼합한 유자-녹차의 향기성분으로 총 53종을 동정하였다. 유자-녹차에는 건조유자의 향기성분 44종과 녹차의 향기성분 21종 및 공통으로 포함된 16종의 화합물들로 구성되어 있었으며, 건조유자의 향기성분으로는 건조밀감과 거의 유사하게 달콤한 과일향을 띄는 terpene hydrocarbon류인 limonene 등이 대부분을 차지하였다. 유자-녹차의 향기성분은 녹차의 향기성분인 꽃향을 띄는 linalool, phenyl acetaldehyde 등과 풋풋한 향을 띄는 hexanal 등에 건조밀감 특유의 향기성분인 달콤한 과일향이 혼합되어 나타났다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.43-56
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• 1990

To evaluate the difference of concentration and mutagenicity of organic pollutants between residential and traffic area of Seoul, air samples were collected in Bulkwang (residential) and Shinchon (traffic) area. Samples were analyzed to measure the concentration of extractable organic matters (EOM) and their subfractions and mutagenicities were tested using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also measured by gas-chromatography and compared between two areas. The results were as follows ; 1. While the concentration of total suspended particulate (TSP) in residential area was below the environmental standard in annual average, the concentration in traffic area was above the standard and was up to its maximum $256{\mu}g/m^3$ in November. The difference of TSP concentrations in both areas of each month was statistically significant (P<0.05). 2. The concentration of fine particle in traffic area was significantly higher compare to that in residential area and showed statistically significant monthly difference in both areas (P<0.05). The proportion of concentration of fine particle to TSP was 55-68%. 3. Mean concentrations of EOM in residential and traffic areas were $4.3{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;5.3{\mu}g/m^3$ respectively. The proportion of amount of EOM from fine particle to EOM from TSP was 70-88%. 4. While the percentage of polar neutral organic compounds (POCN) of fine particle in Bulkwang's sample was higher compare to Shinchon's sample, the percentage of aliphatic compounds of fine particle in Shinchon's sample was higher compare to Bulkwang's sample. The percentages of PAH fraction were as low as 6-10% in both areas. 5. The mutagenic activity of nit concentration of organic matters extracted from fine particle was higher compare to that of coarse particle and was increased when metabolically activated with S9. Mutagenicities with metabolic activation calculated by unit air volume were significantly different between residential and traffic area, $17\;revertants/m^3$\;and\;22\;revertants/m^3$ respectively. 6. The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene in fine particle of traffic and residential areas were $3.10ng/m^3\;and\;2.02ng/m^3$ respectively. Sixteen PAHs were higher in samples of traffic area compare to residential area and also concentrations of PAHs in fine particle were higher compare to coarse particle.