• Strategy21
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• s.40
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• pp.115-130
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• 2016

The security environment surrounding the East Asian seas is rapidly changing due to the naval arms race among coastal states. The arms race is likely to worsen the security dilemma of the countries involved, thus increasing the chances for armed conflicts. It is too early to tell how the contemporary naval arms race in the region will evolve. But, for sure, the level of uncertainty is increasingly becoming high and intense. At the same time, there is emerging a legal warfare or lawfare among the rival countries. In particular, the United States and China have been involved in a serious debate about the nature and scope of the right of innocent passage and freedom of navigation in other countries' maritime zones. In collaboration with its regional allies, the United States has also put normative pressures on China with its excessive claims in the South China Sea. The latest arbitral tribunal case between the Philippines and China illustrates the point. With both arms race and normative competition in play, the future of East Asian maritime security will remain very complex and uncertain.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 2002

A competitive coevolutionary algorithm is a probabilistic search method that imitates coevolution process through evolutionary arms race. The algorithm has been used to solve adversarial problems. In the algorithms, the selection of competitors is needed to evaluate the fitness of an individual. The goal of this study is to compare and analyze several competition strategies in terms of solution quality, convergence speed, balance between competitive coevolving species, population diversity, etc. With two types of test-bed problems, game problems and solution-test problems, extensive experiments are carried out. In the game problems, sampling strategies based on fitness have a risk of providing bad solutions due to evolutionary unbalance between species. On the other hand, in the solution-test problems, evolutionary unbalance does not appear in any strategies and the strategies using information about competition results are efficient in solution quality. The experimental results indicate that the tournament competition can progress an evolutionary arms race and then is successful from the viewpoint of evolutionary computation.

• Strategy21
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• s.43
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• pp.125-174
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the status of naval arms race in Northeast Asia. To this end, the scope of the research was limited to national security strategies, maritime strategies and naval strengthening of the United States, China, Russia and Japan. The major powers' active maritime strategies and naval arms race give some strategic implications to the Republic of Korea Navy as follows. First, China and Japan, unlike the past, are actively using submarines in offshore waters including the Korean Peninsula. Therefore, the ROK Navy must successfully promote the Jangbogo-III-class submarine, which is currently constructed, and get a nuclear-powered submarine and P-8 MPA capable of long-range and long-time operations to enhance ASW capability. Second, North Korea's current building submarines capable of loading SLBMs and SLBMs are a new threat to the ROK Navy. The current building KAMD, which focuses on terminal phase defense, cannot effectively respond to North Korea's SLBMs and should be converted to a multi-layered defense system including SM-3 at a mid-course phase. Third, as China militarizes the South China Sea, the instability of the South China Sea is growing. Therefore, the ROK Navy should strengthen its maritime cooperation with the regional countries such as Japan and ASEAN navies to protect SLOC. In conclusion, the ROK Navy needs to build a strong naval power to keep in mind that the 21st century naval rivalry in Northeast Asia is accelerating. The navy must do one's best to protect national strategic and vital interests by strengthening cooperation with regional countries. South Korea is also accelerating its defense reforms in accordance with the pattern of future warfare and the ROK Navy do one's best to have a balanced naval capability capable of actively operating in the offshore waters.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2000

A competitive coevolutionary algorithm is a probabilistic search method that imitates the biological process that two or more species competitively coevolve through evolutionary arms race. The algorithm has been used to efficiently solve adversarial problems that can be formulated as the search for a solution that is correct over a large space of test cases. We develop an efficient competitive coevolutionary algorithm to solve adversarial problems with high complexity. The algorithm developed in this paper employs three methods: tournament competitions, exchanging of entry fee, and localized coevolution. Analyzed in this paper are the effects of the methods on the performance of the proposed algorithm. The extensive experiments show that our algorithm can progress an evolutionary arms race between competitive coevolving species and then outperforms existing approaches to solving the adversarial problems.

• Strategy21
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• s.40
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• pp.37-81
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• 2016

This paper aims to use crossover analysis to uncover similarities and differences between the U.S-Japan relationship in the World War II era and the modern U.S-China relationship, and to forecast the possibility of the outbreak of war between U.S and China by applying the steps to war theory. The steps to war theory argues that the probability of the outbreak of war between two states within five years would approach 90 percent, if they have ongoing territorial dispute, alliance, rivalry, and arms race. The comparison exposes some similarities with the territorial dispute, alliance, rivalry, but reveals dissimilarities with arms race. U.S-Japan relationship in the World War II era had the arms race, which does not exist the modern U.S-China Relationship. The result of comparison is that the probability for the Outbreak of War between U.S and China correspond to third stage(Risk Level). it means that the probability for the Outbreak of War between U.S and China is 55%. But, There are four elements(① Perception of Leader ② Mutual dependence of economy ③ Possession of nuclear weapon ④ Ravages of war) that reduce the probability for the Outbreak of War. Considering the four elements, the probability for the Outbreak of War between U.S and China is a slim chance. But the probability for the Outbreak of War between U.S and China is excluded because of territorial dispute, alliance, rivalry. So, This paper suggests three points.(① Developing military options ② Reducing the misconception of intend, ③ Promoting navy exchanges) to prevent of Outbreak of War.

• Strategy21
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• s.40
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• pp.162-189
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• 2016

This research deals with the PLAN's capabilities and its implication for regional security, and suggests some measures for maritime security cooperation among regional states. China has began to focus its national strategy more on 'rising as a new maritime power' since the 18th Party Convention in November 2012. Chinese new strategy aims at building a strong navy, contributing economic prosperity and national security, and thus elevating its prestige in international society. Most of all, building a strong navy is the foremost task at this time, and that is why the PLAN has the priority for military modernization. Chinese new maritime strategy could cause naval arms race in East Asia and aggravate maritime territorial disputes among concerned parties. It is the time for regional states to discuss some measures to build confidence, such as arms control of naval weapons, establishment of multilateral maritime security mechanism, and foundation of regional security regime, thus enhancing regional maritime cooperation.

• 정보보호뉴스
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• s.126
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• pp.8-9
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• 2008

사이버 공간에서의 보안은 공격자와 방어자가 서로의 행동에 연속적으로 반응하는 일종의 군비확장 경쟁(Arms Race)에 비유된다. 정보기술과 사이버 공간이 현재와 같은 속도로 진화하는 동안에는 이런 경쟁이 계속될 가능성이 높다. 따라서 방어자의 입장에서 사이버 보안에 대한 접근은 보호하고자 하는 정보자산의 가치에 따라 예방적(Preventive)이고 선제적(Preemptive)인 대책을 구사할 필요가 있다. 그렇지 않으면 일이 터지고 그때서야 대책 마련에 부지런을 떠는 '소 잃고 외양간 고치는'식의 대응적(Responsive) 수준에 머무를 수 밖에 없다. 상황에 따라 대응적 수준의 보안대책이 최선인 경우도 있으나, 정보기술 환경 또는 사이버 공간의 안전.신뢰성을 적극적으로 확보하기 위해서는 예방적이고 선제적인 보안 수단을 다양한 조직과 시스템에 광범위하게 적용할 필요가 있다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.95-114
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• 2016

We study how an advantage given to an interim winner in sequential conflicts characterizes dynamic competition between players and influences their payoffs. As the intensity of competition during each period is negatively correlated, perfect security is not necessarily desirable for contending parties. We present results which are widely applicable to various types of dynamic competition, where competition in each period is linked to the interim winner's relative advantage. Policy implications are also discussed in a variety of areas, and several extensions are explored.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.549-558
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• 2007

C4B and BAT2, assigned to the SLA class III region, were recently reported on relation with human diseases. The primers for RT-PCR and RACE-PCR for CDS analysis of these genes of pig were designed by aligning the CDSs of humans and mice from GenBank. After we amplified and sequenced with these primers and cDNAs, the full-length CDSs of pig were determined. The CDS lengths of C4B and BAT2 were shown as 5226 bp and 6501 bp. In addition, the identities of nucleotide sequences with human and mouse were 76% to 87%, and the identities of amino acids were 72% to 90%. After we carried out the alignment with determined CDSs in this study and pig genomic sequences from GenBank, the primers for cSNP detection in genome were designed in intron regions that flanked one or more exons. Then, we amplified and directly sequenced with genomic DNAs of six pig breeds. Four cSNPs from C4B and three 3 cSNPs from BAT2 were identified. In addition, amino acid substitution occurred in six cSNP positions except for C4248T of C4B. By the Multiplex-ARMS method, we genotyped seven cSNPs with DNA samples used for direct sequencing. We verified that this result was the same as that analyzed using direct sequencing. To demonstrate recrudescence, we performed both direct sequencing and Multiplex-ARMS on two randomly selected DNA samples. The genotype of each sample showed the same result from both methods. Therefore, seven cSNPs were identified from C4B and BAT2 and could be used as the basic data for haplotype analysis of SLA class III region. Moreover, the Multiplex-ARMS method should be powerful for genotyping of genes assigned to the whole SLA region for the xenograft study.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.203-237
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• 2011

Since USSR successfully launched its satellite "Sputnik"in 1957, many countries including US and USSR began military use of space, and engaged in arms race in space, which is against spirit and ideals of peaceful use of space as common heritage of mankind stipulated in many treaties such as Outer Space Treaty. With worsening Cold War between East and Western Bloc, this military use of space and arms race in space has been intensifying. Regarding the ideals of peaceful use of space, it is interpreted that military use of space is possible unless it does not have the purpose of aggression. The military use of space may have diverse forms such as attacking satellites in space, or attacking from satellites, making use of present and future technologies available which should include the use of nuclear and kinetic/hyper-speed weapons, laser, particle beams, near explosion, disturbance weapons in different directions (i.e., surface to space, space to space, and space to surface). Arms control is being implemented by the efforts of many countries in different formalities including legislature of international treaties under the auspices of UNCOPUOS and prohibition of weapons of mass destruction. Taking outstanding examples aiming at arms control by international community, there are confidence building measures (CBM), strengthening implementation of existing treaties, partial ban of nuclear tests, countryand regional approach, comprehensive approach and measures having legally binding force. While U.S. has surpassed other countries concerned in the area of military useof space, it withdrew from OST in early 2000s, thereby raising concern of international community. It requires concerted efforts of cooperationand implementation by international society to make sure peace of mankind and environmental conservation through arms control in space. Observing de facto possession of nuclear weapons by North Korea following series of nuclear tests and launching satellites, and efforts of launching rockets by South Korea, it is strongly needed for both countries to take part in arms control efforts by international community.