• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.232-242
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• 2021

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is a severe infectious disease of apple whose infective area is growing gradually and thus poses a huge economic threat to the world. Different species of Colletotrichum including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides are responsible for GLS. For efficient GLS control, it is important to understand the mechanism by which the cruciferous crops and C. gloeosporioides interact. Arginine is among one of the several types of amino acids, which plays crucial role in biochemical and physiological functions of fungi. The arginine biosynthesis pathway involved in virulence among plant pathogenic fungi is poorly understood. In this study, CgCPS1 gene encoding carbamoyl phosphate synthase involved in arginine biosynthesis has been identified and inactivated experimentally. To assess the effects of CgCPS1, we knocked out CgCPS1 in C. gloeosporioides and evaluated its effects on virulence and stress tolerance. The results showed that deletion of CgCPS1 resulted in loss of pathogenicity. The ∆cgcps1 mutants showed slow growth rate, defects in appressorium formation and failed to develop lesions on apple leaves and fruits leading to loss of virulence while complementation strain (CgCPS1-C) fully restored its pathogenicity. Furthermore, mutant strains showed extreme sensitivity to high osmotic stress displaying that CgCPS1 plays a vital role in stress response. These findings suggest that CgCPS1 is major factor that mediates pathogenicity in C. gloeosporioides by encoding carbamoyl phosphate that is involved in arginine biosynthesis and conferring virulence in C. gloeosporioides.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1984

Kinetin(4.7$\times$10\ulcornerM) and 6-benzylaminopurine (2.2$\times$10\ulcornerM) were found to increase ca. 1.5-fold putrescice content in corn grown in medium containing kinetin and 6-benzylaminopurine(6-BAP) for 3days whereas kinetin was found to decrase ca. 30% spermidine and spermine, respectively. KCI (3$\times$10\ulcornerM) was found to decrease more than 50% putrescine content. After germination, ornithine decarboxylase activity was observed to increase constantly whereas arginine decarboxylase activity remained constant, suggesting involvement in putrescine biosynthesis. 6-benzylaminopurine was shown to increase more activities of arginine ornithine decarboxylase than kinetin when they were added to medium.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 2000년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.272.1-272
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• 2000

No Abstract, See Full Text

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.427-432
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• 1986

The regulation of three ammonia assimilatory enzymes, GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase), GS (glutamine synthetase) and GOGAT (glutamate synthase), has been examined in C. glutamicum. Three kinds of arginine auxotrophs blocked in each step of arginine biosynthetic pathway from glutamate were selected as arg 5, arg 6, arg 8. Histidine and tryptophan auxotrophs were also selected because histidine and tryptophan repressed GS biosynthesis in E. coli. These strains were cultured on the media containing nitrogen-excess and limited conditions, to compare the specific activities of ${\alpha}$-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase(${\alpha}-KGDH$), GDH, GS, GOGAT from the cell-free extracts. These results showed that enzyme levels of ${\alpha}-KGDH$ and GDH from 3 kinds of arginine auxotrophs, histidine and tryptophan auxotrophs in nitrogen-excess condition and those of GS and GOGAT in nitrogen limited condition were increased compared with opposite condition. The tryptophan and histidine auxotrophs showed higher level of glutamate and glutamine than parental strains and other mutants. it is assumed that the higher levels of ${\alpha-KGDH}$ and GDH from mutants in nitrogen-excess condition promoted the accumulation of glutamate and glutamine in fermentation broth. The inhibition of GS activities by ADP suggested that GS is regulated by energy charge in C. glutamicum. The results with histidine, tryptophan, glycine, alanine, serine and GMP implied that a system of feedback inhibition were effective. The GDH, GS and GOGAT biosynthesis in culture broth was markedly repressed by the nature and kinds of available nitrogen sources such as tryptophan, proline, glycine, alanine, serine and tyrosine.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.6-9
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• 1990

Specific activities of ADC and ODC from 2-4 year old ones were higher than that from seedlings whereas those activities were not changed significantly from 2 to 4 years. Generally, activity of ADC was predorminant compared to that of ODC. Free arginine content in roots was much higher than that of leaves. And arginase specific activity from roots was higher than that of leaves. Cumulative results suggest that putrscine formation from ornithine in roots may be more effective than leaves and contribute to putrescine biosynthesis to some extract.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2009

Colletotrichum acutatum was the main cause of the recent outbreaks of anthracnose on pepper fruit in Korea. To facilitate molecular analysis of C. acutatum, we generated an arginine auxotrophic mutant of the C acutatum strain JC24 using a targeted gene replacement strategy. A 3.3-kb genomic region carrying an ortholog (designated CaARG2) of the fungal gene encoding N-acetylglutamate synthase, the first enzyme of arginine biosynthesis in fungi, was deleted from the fungal genome. The mutant exhibited normal growth only when arginine was exogenously supplied into the culture medium. Transformation of the arginine auxotrophic mutant with a plasmid DNA carrying an intact copy of CaARG2, which was smaller than the deleted region in the mutant, not only caused random vector insertions in the fungal genome, but also recovered both hyphal growth and pathogenicity of the mutant to the wild-type level. Using this new selection system, we have successfully developed a restriction enzyme-mediated integration procedure, which would provide an economically efficient random mutagenesis method in C. acutatum.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 1995

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in non-adrenegic non-cholinergic (NANC) neurotransmission was studied on circular muscle strips of the dorsal part of the fuinea-pig gastric fundus. In the presence of atropine and guanethidine, a low frequency-dependent relaxsations which were not affected by adrenergic and cholinergic blockage but abolished by tetrodotoxin. $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), a stereospecific inhibitor of NO-biosynthesis, inhibited the relaxations induced by electrical stiumulations but not the relaxations to exogenous nitric oxide. The effect of L-NNA was prevented by L-arginine, the precursor of the NO biosynthesis but not by its enantiomer, D-arginine. Exgenous administration of No caused concentration -dependent relaxations which showed a similarity to those obtained with electrical simultaion. Hemoglobin, a NOscavenger, abolished the NO-induced relaxations and also markedly reduced those induced by electrical simultaion. The inhibitory effect os hemoglobin was similar to that of L-NNA. Application of ATP caused weak relaxations compared with those to electrical stimultaion, which were unaffected by L-NNA. Exogenously applied vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) induced concentration-dependent relaxation which was not affected by L-NNA. These results suggest that NO is produced and released mainly as a neurotransmitter from enteric neurons during NANC relaxation induced by low frequencies and short trains of electrical simulation and has a main role in NANC neurotransmission at relaxation induced by these electrical simultaions in the guinea-pig gastric fundus.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2022

대사는 생존과 번식에 필수적이다. 2020년에 업그레이드된 COG (cluster of orthologous proteins) 데이터베이스에는 "pathways" 항목이 있다. 본 연구에서는 COG pathways를 이용하여 1,309개의 원핵생물의 대사 경로를 분석하였다. 63개의 대사경로와 관련된 822개의 COG가 있었고, 각 분류단위의 대사관련 COG의 평균은 200.50개(phylum Mollicutes)에서 527.07개(phylum Cyanobacteria)의 사이였다. MPCR을 대사경로구성율(하나의 게놈에 존재하는 COG 수 / 각 대사 경로를 구성하는 COG의 총 수)로 정의하였다. MPCR이 100%인 대사경로의 수는 원핵생물에 따라 0에서 26의 범위였다. 다수의 원핵생물에서 100% MPCR인 대사경로는 세포벽 합성과 관련된 murein biosynthesis (922종), glycine cleavage (918종), ribosome 30S subunits (903종) 등이었다. MPCR이 0%인 대사경로(종의 수)는 photosystem I (1,263종), A/V (archaea/vacuolar)-type ATP synthase (1,028종) 및 Na⁺-translocation NADH dehydrogenase (976종) 등이었다. 원핵생물에 따라 3~49개의 대사경로를 전혀 수행할 수 없었다. MPCR의 보존성이 높은 대사경로의 순서는 ribosome 30S subunit (1,309종의 96.1%), murein biosynthesis (86.8%), arginine biosynthesis (80.4%), serine biosynthesis (80.3%) 및 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (82.2%) 등이었다. 단백질과 세포벽 합성이 원핵생물에서 중요한 대사경로인 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과와 원핵생물 사이의 대사경로와 관련된 COG는 항생제 및 인공세포의 개발 등에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1999년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.271.1-271
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• 1999

No Abstract, See Full Text

• BMB Reports
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.28-33
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• 2005

A gene coding a novel isoform of carbamyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS1) was cloned from a human testicular library. As shown by cDNA microarray hybridization, this gene was expressed at a higher level in human adult testes than in fetal testes. The full length of its cDNA was 3831 bp, with a 3149 bp open reading frame, encoding a 1050-amino-acid protein. The cDNA sequence was deposited in the GenBank (AY317138). Sequence analysis showed that it was homologous to the human CPS1 gene. The putative protein contained functional domains composing the intact large subunit of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, thus indicated it has the capability of arginine biosynthesis. A multiple tissue expression profile showed high expression of this gene in human testis, suggesting the novel alternative splicing form of CPS1 may be correlated with human spermatogenesis.