• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.343-354
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• 2023

Recently, there have been many improvements in general language models using architectures such as GPT-3 proposed by Brown et al. (2020). Nevertheless, training complex models can hardly be done if the number of data is very small. Data augmentation that addressed this problem was more than normal success in image data. Image augmentation technology significantly improves model performance without any additional data or architectural changes (Perez and Wang, 2017). However, applying this technique to textual data has many challenges because the noise to be added is veiled. Thus, we have developed a novel method for performing data augmentation on text data. We divide the data into signals with positive or negative meaning and noise without them, and then perform data augmentation using k-doc augmentation to randomly combine signals and noises from all data to generate new data.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2024

4차 산업혁명 시대에 건설산업은 전통적인 업무 방식에서 디지털 프로세스로 전환하고 있다. 특히, 건설산업의 특성으로 인해 업무 절차의 변경에는 어려움이 따르며, 점진적인 디지털 전환 및 시행착오가 발생하고 있다. 건설현장의 안전관리 분야도 역시 이 흐름을 따라 모든 데이터의 디지털화와 자동화를 목표로 연구 및 시도가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 최근의 통계에 따르면, 건설업 안전사고는 계속해서 발생하고 있으며, 안전사고 사망자 수도 줄지 않고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 건설공사 안전관리 종합정보망의 빅데이터를 대규모 언어모델 인공지능을 통해 분석하였다. 분석된 결과는 실시간으로 업데이트가 가능한 상세설계모델로부터 위치정보와 공간적 특성을 반영하여 안전관리가 필요한 현장모델링에 정보를 맵핑하였다. 해당 연구를 통해 건설현장 안전관리 데이터의 디지털화를 통한 시설물 및 근로자의 안전을 강화하고, 건설사고 예방 및 효과적인 교육 지시를 위한 빅데이터 기반 안전관리 플랫폼 개발을 목표로 한다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.103-126
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• 2009

This study aims to discover historical trends and change of form of all stupas in India with observation of field study that is as direct as possible, by classifying, analyzing, and synthesizing the stupas. Study of Indian stupa in Korea has a number of shortcomings since only introductory partial approach has been made in order to seek the origin of Korean pagoda. This study also aims to correct errors of stupa terminology in Chinese character committed by misinterpretation of Hindi language which was established by precedent Japanese scholars several decades ago. Piled-up stupas were totally destroyed by pagans, therefore their remains tell us only of structure, material, sizeand disposition. However remains of carved stone at torana and drum give us clues as to the original form of stupa and worshipping activity, as well as change to a more luxurious form. Many rock cave stupas of India show us both simple forms matching the ascetic age of early Buddhism and luxurious changes in Mahayanan era introducing us to statues of Buddha. Indians recovered the spheric form of 'anda,' a Hindi term meaning cosmic egg, from the hemispheric form of the piled-up stupa. Therefore we might discard the erratic term of 'bokbal', which means an upset vessel. Railings and parasols became main factors of stupa design. Carved railings around stupa became a sign of divinity. Serious worshipping activity made drums long or high and created multi-embossed stripes. Bases of circular drums of some cave stupas changed their shapes to rectangular or octagonal. Single parasols became multiparasols of affluent flowerlike curved stems on carved stupa. Multistoried, elongated and high parasols of Gandhara stupas are closely related to such factors as diverse changes of form in Indian subcontinent. Four-sided torana gate and ayaka column of the circular form of original stupas suggest the rectangular form of subsequent East Asian pagoda, and higher and wider base of Indian stupas became the origin of East Asian rectangular pagoda.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2018

Suhwa Kim Hwan-gi established his own unique world of art based on Korean-style lyricism with his sophisticated and sublimated formative language as the first generation of Korean abstract artist. He made his name known not only in Korea but New York and Paris, the center of contemporary art. Presently, there is almost no material left for us to examine how Kim Hwan-gi's house looked in the first place. But there is a painting that chef Kim Am-gi possesses where we can find the image of painter Kim Hwan-gi's house drawn by recalling the memories at home in a far-off land. With that, we can see it should be the original looks of that house. To examine the original looks of Kim Hwan-gi's house when it was built, this author studied the closure land registration map. By analyzing 29 land registration maps around Eupdong-ri of Gijwa-myeon in Muan-gun of Jeollanam-do produced in 1917 which National Archives of Korea possesses, this researcher could figure out the status of land registration around Kim Hwan-gi's house with No. 15 and 22 drawing boards. According to the results of considering aerial photographs after the emancipation that National Geographic Information Institute possesses, this author has found that the arrangement of Kim Hwan-gi's house was changed from 1954 up to 2008. In 1954 aerophotos, we can see the main building and studio in Kim Hwan-gi's house and there was an additional structure between them. Kim Hwan-gi's house was built before 1925. The main building presently designated as a cultural asset and also the sarangchae arranged in the east and the studio, too, were built in the similar period.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.81-94
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• 2011

Buddhism that has arisen in India began to build the Stupa to enshrine body and Sari of Buddha as an object of worship. The stupa existed as a tome of holy leaders even before the birth of Buddha, which was called stupa or tupa in the Sanskrit and the Pali, the ancient language of India. The stupa was renamed accordingly in each Buddhism transmitted countries such as Ceylon, Tibet, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand and China and also reshaped according to their own formative style. But its original meaning and type are kept unchanged. The stupa was established in the 4 holy places including the birth place of Buddha, the place where Buddha found enlightenment, the place where Buddha preached for the first time, and the place where Buddha died. Thus, a pagoda to commemorate holy ancient places is called Chaitya, which became differentiated from the stupa in which Sari is enshrined. The stupa means Nirvana, the eternal body of Buddha, and also a place filled with teaching and preaching of Buddhism. It signifies the symbol of Buddha who escaped from the death and rebirth, to achieve complete extinction, i.e. parinirvana, and to reach ultimate eternal world, rather than simply means death. During the non-statue of th Buddha period, people built the stupa to embody Nirvana of the Buddha, and worshipped the tomb where body of holy saints was enshrined. On the other hand, they also sanctified memorial things such as tools that holy saints used, the Bo tree under which one achieved Nirvana, Dharma cakra that implied words, footprint that carried out mission work, and a way to reach to heaven.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2016

오늘날 다양한 산업분야에서는 시스템 안전을 확보하기 위한 표준들이 제정되었다. 해당 표준들에서는 시스템 개발 초기 단계인 개념설계 단계부터 위험원 분석 활동을 수행하고, 분석 결과를 안전을 확보하기 위한 시스템 설계 활동에 반영할 것을 제시하고 있다. 따라서 운영 목표에 부응하는 시스템의 설계와 시스템에 내재하는 위험원 분석은 밀접한 관계가 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 기존에는 설계 결과의 검증에서 시스템 개념설계와 위험원 분석 결과를 분리하여 수행하였다. 본 논문에서는 분리 수행에 따른 문제를 개선하기 위하여 시스템 고장 모델과 시스템 아키텍처의 통합 모델에 대한 검증 방법을 연구하였다. 구체적으로, 먼저 대상시스템의 아키텍처를 시스템 모델링 언어인 SysML로 모델링 하였다. 그리고 나서 시스템 아키텍처 정보를 기반으로 위험원 분석을 수행하고, 이를 토대로 SysML 고장 모델을 생성하였다. 그 후에 시스템 고장 모델을 시스템 아키텍처에 통합하고, 이를 기반으로 고장에 대비한 안전 설계를 추가하였다. 최종적으로 시스템 운영 중 일부 고장에도 안전 설계 결과가 안전 목표를 만족하는지 검증하기 위한 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.689-696
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• 2007

소프트웨어의 개발 초기 단계에서 성능을 예측하는 기법은, 비 기능적 요구사항의 검증 및 소프트웨어의 성능을 향상시키기 위해 중요한 이슈가 되었다. 이를 위해 소프트웨어의 아키텍처를 수학적인 분석 모델로 변환시키는 기법들이 등장하게 되었다. 그러나 에이전트 기반 시스템을 개발하는 경우, 기존방법들은 에이전트 플랫폼의 성능을 정확하게 반영하지 못하기 때문에, 정확한 성능 예측 및 분석에 적용 할 수 없다. 본 논문에서는 정규화된 의미 기술언어를 이용하여 에이전트 기반 시스템 아키텍처의 성능을 예측하는 기법을 제안한다. 본 방식은 UML로 기술된 시스템의 아키텍처를 하드웨어 및 소프트웨어 플랫폼의 성능이 반영된 분석 모델로 변환시킨다. 성능 예측의 정확도를 평가하기 위해, 과거에 연구했던 전자상거래 시스템을 확장한 유비쿼터스 상거래 시스템 시나리오를 기반으로 프로토타입을 구현하여 성능을 측정하고 생성된 분석 모델로부터 측정된 성능 결과와 비교하였다. 그 결과 약 80%의 정확도를 보였다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.71-94
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• 2008

This study examines the examples and changes of wooden member terms in Yeonggeon-euigwe(營建儀軌) in the era of Joseon Dynasty. As a result of examining examples, about 240 wood member terms were found on the basis of phonetic value and examples different from today's term use were also confirmed. Wood member terms were derived in variety and synonym and different style, that is, coexistence or transition of several notations as the term indicating the same member was found. Derivation of detail terms has the characteristic increasing on the basis of morpheme and formation of different notation followed Chinese notation or was caused by complex coinage features like a coined word of Korea by the meaning of a word and borrowed character notation borrowing sound and it is also related to the specificity of that time which had dual language system. The typical examples without different style for long were pillar, rafter, door and window. Examples with active generation and selection of different styles included beam, capital and bracket-system terms. Different styles were caused by the combination of several notations including borrowed character in the process of Chinese character notation borrowing sound, Korean unique character emphasizing and limiting combination of 木 (wood) with side of character and Chinese. Period showing remarkable change of example notation was the compilation of ${\ll}$the Hwa-Sung-Sung-Euk-Eui-Gue${\gg}$ 華城城役儀軌. ${\ll}$the Hwa-Sung-Sung-Euk-Eui-Gue${\gg}$ is the representative type uigwe made by printed type not by handicraft. Printing by type accompanies unification of the shape of a character necessarily and it was considered that it resulted in the unification of character of different style, the number of strokes and minute difference of strokes, and it was interpreted that common use of intentional notation with the unification of the shape of a character was achieved.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.133-141
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• 2009

Since Adolf Loos' Ornament and Crime was released, ornament had been regarded as a vice in Modern architecture. In Post Modern architecture, the ornamental vocabularies extracted from the classical architecture have been symbolically expressed. As a result, the significance of existence of and the use value of architecture have increased with improved intimacy to the public. However, many studies that have analyzed architecture in terms of semantics and semiotics focusing on communication between architecture and the public have admitted instability in architectural meaning because of the fundamental difference between architecture and language. At the same time, the architectural representation has encountered a lot of limitations along with the deconstruction and non-presentation theory in Post-Structuralism. Even under these circumstances, the ornamental representation can be a critical factor which makes communication possible while expressing spatial identity in this pluralistic contemporary society. Hence, this paper has established logical grounds for research based on theoretical investigation on the concept of representation, semiotics, and ornamental representation, with regard to spatial communication through ornamental representation in commercial space. Based on Peirce's Semiotics which is the typical theoretical science in terms of representation, this paper has analyzed the three kinds of signs (Icon, Index and Symbol) that he proposed. Peirce's classification of signs becomes ideal when the factors are well balanced, with room for combination instead of strict classification. It appears that his theory of signs would be useful in understanding and analyzing ornamental representation. This study on representational ornament could offer a plan for ideal communication and abundant spatial experience in the interior design of commercial space in which the expression of creative space identity is required.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2021

콘크리트의 품질관리는 주로 압축강도의 예측과 제어를 뜻한다. 이를 위해 관련 업계에서는 콘크리트 배합설계 및 재령별 강도에 관한 상당수의 데이터베이스를 구축하고 있으나, 기술유출 등의 이유로 공유되지 못해 결과적으로 품질관리를 위한 비용과 노력은 과도하게 낭비되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 웹 기반 전산모델 프로그램을 개발하여 사용자에게 콘크리트의 강도 예측 결과를 비롯한 다양한 최적 값을 제시하고, 사용자가 입력한 배합특성과 결과는 다시 DB로 수집될 수 있도록 유도하는 지속가능한 DB 수집 시스템을 구축한다. 해당 프로그램은 콘크리트 관련 전반적 기술을 다루고 있으며, 특히 압축강도의 예측은 다수의 DB를 기반으로 모델링된 인공신경망 기법을 적용하여 평균 89.2% 수준의 정확도에서 예측 값을 제공한다.