• Journal of architectural history
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• v.11 no.3 s.31
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• pp.35-51
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• 2002

This study is about the preservation of wooden buildings as cultural properties. I got the idea for preservation and repair of cultural properties of wooden buildings by watching the process of repairing them in Japan. The Japanese have been endeavored to restoring old wooden buildings to their original forms for more than a hundred years. The idea to change decayed materials into new materials or the new approach to the process of restoration used to be in conflict with the concept of 'Authenticity'--the criteria for evaluation of the value of cultural properties, based on the Western of thinking, established by UNESCO. Since 'Nara Conference on Authenticity', held in 1994 in Nara, however, the concept of 'Authenticity' has changed, and the peculiarity of certain cultural properties of the wooden buildings and their diversity of culture have now begun to be recognized by UNESCO. This is a crucial change for the study of preservation, repair and restoration of cultural properties of wooden buildings. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to look closely at the process of change of the concept 'Authenticity' and find a better method for preservation of cultural properties of wooden buildings.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.129-145
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• 2020

In typical, structural topology optimization plays a significant role to both increase stiffness and save mass of structures in the resulting design. This study contributes to a new numerical approach of topologically optimal design of Mindlin-Reissner plates considering Winkler foundation and mathematical formulations of multi-directional variable thickness of the plate by using multi-materials. While achieving optimal multi-material topologies of the plate with multi-directional variable thickness, the weight information of structures in terms of effective utilization of the material at the appropriate thickness location may be provided for engineers and designers of structures. Besides, numerical techniques of the well-established mixed interpolation of tensorial components 4 element (MITC4) is utilized to overcome a well-known shear locking problem occurring to thin plate models. The well-founded mathematical formulation of topology optimization problem with variable thickness Mindlin-Reissner plate structures by using multiple materials is derived in detail as one of main achievements of this article. Numerical examples verify that variable thickness Mindlin-Reissner plates on Winkler foundation have a significant effect on topologically optimal multi-material design results.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.746-751
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• 2008

The best plan to reduce the building energy consumption is that the insulation performance should be improved because the insulation and airtight of building envelopes have an effect on the energy consumption basically. New insulation materials, which have the high performance and are above insulation standard, have been developed steadily. Because there are not studies on the building energy rating system and economic evaluation considering new insulation materials, these matters should be studied. In result alternatives, which applied 6 high performance material each, reduce the annual heating energy and raise the building energy rating. Applying the vacuum insulation material(Case 1, 2) and vacuum or triple glazing can retrieves the investment with $120 and $140$\sim$150 per barrel each.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 2018

Carbonation is one of the major detrimental factors to the reinforced concrete structures owing to penetration of atmospheric CO2 through the micro pores, thereby it reduces the durability of the concrete. The maintenance periods and cost for concrete according to the coefficient variation of different finishing materials is documented in literature. However, it is required to carry out the systematic and well planned studies. Therefore, keeping them in mind, surface repair was carried out to the carbonated concrete and the maintenance cost was calculated to measure the durability life after repair with different variable. The deterministic and probabilistic methods were applied for durability and repair cost of the concrete. In the existing deterministic model, the cost of repair materials increases significantly when the concrete structure reaches its service life. In present study using a stochastic model, the maintenance period and cost was evaluated. According to obtained results, there was no significant difference in the number of maintenance of the coefficient variation. The initial durability has a great influence on the maintenance time and cost of the structure. Unlike the deterministic model, the probabilistic cost estimating model reduces the number of maintenance to the target service life expectancy.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.633-649
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• 2022

This paper is first implemented with the bending behavior of three-dimensional functionally graded (3DFG) plates in the framework of level set-based topology optimization (LS-based TO). Besides, due to the suitable properties of the current design domain, the thin-plate spline (TPS) is recognized as a RBF to construct the LS function. The overall mechanical properties of the 3DFG plate are assessed using a power-law distribution scheme via Mori-Tanaka micromechanical material model. The bending response is obtained using the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The mixed interpolation of four elements of tensorial components (MITC4) is also implemented to overcome a well-known shear locking problem when the thickness becomes thinner. The Hamilton-Jacobi method is utilized in each iteration to enforce the necessary boundary conditions. The mathematical formulas are expressed in great detail for the LS-based TO using 3DFG materials. Several numerical examples are exhibited to verify the efficiency and reliability of the current methodology with the previously reported literature. Finally, the influences of FG materials in the optimized design are explained in detail to illustrate the behaviors of optimized structures.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.4 s.21
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• pp.113-127
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• 1999

This study was to examine the relationship with the changes of computer technologies that was influenced in human sensorial perception and the changes of aesthetical expression in architecture that was expressed in Henri Ciriani's work after 1970's. As a result, the human sensorial perception that was caused by the changes of technologies has influenced on Henri Ciriani's space concepts and expressions of materials and forms. According to it, the aesthetics in a period was determined by the use of developped technologies. In my opnion, this could be a plastic art expressions.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• summer
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• pp.1492-1494
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• 2004

In recent years, the photovoltaic(PV) industries have been increasing steadily above averaged $30\%$. Japan, USA and Europe have been playing a leading part in photovoltaic industry. In this paper, we review status of the global PV market and distribution around these countries. From the results, we will intend to supply the useful materials for domestic PV distribution.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 2015

The philosophers think that the increase of loneliness in technological society is caused by the reduced feeling to some extent. They started to think the integral feeling in terms of existentialism away from Visualcentrism. It is apparent that in architectural design a concrete feeling(sense) out of Visualcentrism of modern architecture is reflected in a architecture. In particular, the architects such as Herzog & de Meuron, Steven Holl, Peter Zumthor, Kuma Kengo think that the existential value of the objects is important and would like to reflect the existence of materials on architecture. This study is to analyze the common points and different points regarding how in these works sensible experiences are approached. The results show that these works have common features containing escape from visual formativeness in the space, pursuit of locational connection, study on pure essence of the materials, and reflectance of the feeling of depth and motility. In addition, the actual beings of the materials for this feeling were mainly used and showed some difference in terms of the usage of local materials, natural environment, five senses of body. This study is important in the point of view that there are few researches that compared with the characteristics of architects' works while there were many researched that treated architecture as sensible view.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.814-819
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was developing the building materials for creation the comfortable IAQ. By reducing formaldehyde(HCHO) known as the main factors of Sick House Syndrome. This material must be revealed the physical and eco-friendly performance, so this study set up the basic standards for building materials. The source of physical performance evaluation is Korea Industrial Standards and the base of environmental ability is the Eco Label considering certificated system related to an apartment house. Because the developed material was satisfied with the established standards, it was tested in mock-up room for obtaining the real date from indoor air. The mock-up test was conducted according environmental standard method for indoor air Quality of the ministry of environment. The result of this study were as follows; the functional building materials had a effect to reduce the formaldehyde concentration for a initial period without wall paper, so additional development is needed for application with the wall paper and the available period.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.81-92
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• 2012

Historic buildings are history of human kind and a crystal of culture. Therefore, we have a responsibility and obligation to succeed to descendants. Once such heritage is damaged, it is hard to restore its original form. Thus, various attempts to preserve its value and authenticity have been made internationally. Among these, the international preservation tendency of historic building in terms of materials has been given to the preservation of materials as well as the preservation of appearance. In accordance with such trend, Korea also presented an equivalent general principle, and has managed historic buildings with the separate related instruction. The most general method to preserve historic buildings in Korea is a repair work. Since the foundation of Korea, the repair work tendency has been carried out in the principle of phenomenon change and original form maintenance. But, such tendency focuses on the appearance such as style, structure and trimming method, and there is insufficient consideration on the authentic preservation of materials. Accordingly, this study attempts to examine preservation principle and methods in the repair works, and also to investigate the afforestation condition for the restoration work. And, by suggesting preservation method of authentic materials, it aims to prepare the reference for the future repair work.