• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.789-804
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine effects of supplementation levels of aqueous direct-fed microbials (DFM; Bacillus spp.) to TMR(exp. 1.) and aqueous DFM addition under the various ratios of starch and cellulose(exp. 2.) on ruminal fermentation and fibrolytic enzyme activity. In experiment 1, ruminal fluids taken from rumen-cannulated Holstein cows were incubated during 24 hr by using TMR as substrates. Aqueous DFM was applied at a rate of 0, 0.025 and 0.05%, respectively. The pH of 0.025% treatment was not significantly different from that of control at 6 and 9 hr, but it was significantly lower (P<0.05) than 0.05% treatment. Concentrations of ammonia-N and VFAs were not affected by supplementing aqueous DFM. The A:P ratio of 0.05% treatment was significantly increased(P<0.05) by supplementation of aqueous DFM as compared with that of control at 24 hr. Although overall fibrolytic enzyme activities were not significantly affected by supplementing aqueous DFM, CMCase(carboxymethylcellulase) activity showed significant increase(P<0.05) compared to control at 6hr. However, the xylanase activity of 0.05% treatment significantly decreased(P<0.05) at 12 hr due to the application of aqueous DFM. There was no significant difference for in vitro dry matter disappearance among treatments. In experiment 2, ruminal fluids were incubated under the condition of various ratios of starch to cellulose(90:10, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 10:90) with or without aqueous DFM(0.025%). Ruminal pH was unaffected by the addition of aqueous DFM, however, as increased level of starch, ruminal pH partially showed significant decrease(P<0.05). Ammonia-N concentration was not affected by aqueous DFM and ratio of starch and cellulose. On 9 hr incubation, DFM addition at a ratio of 70:30 showed significantly (P<0.05) lower value of ammonia-N(35.65 mg/dL) than that(65.05 mg/dL) of control. Concentrations of VFAs were significantly increased(P<0.05) by aqueous DFM addition compared with control at the same ratio on 6 hr incubation. The overall CMCase activity was not affected by aqueous DFM addition. However, the xylanase activity by aqueous DFM partially showed significant differences at the ratios of 90:10, 30:70 and 10:90. Our results indicated that supplementation of aqueous DFM did not significantly improve in vitro fermentation and fibrolytic enzyme activity. In addition, the DFM utilized in this study did not show consistent results by having various effects on ruminal fermentation under different feeding regimens.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.155-159
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• 2005

The aqueous extract of Coscinium fenestratum was studied for its antioxidant status in STZ-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats at two dose levels of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. At the end of the experimental period, diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract at both dose levels showed a significant increase in the levels of enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase, glutathione synthetase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase as compared to the untreated control. Similarly, a significant increase was also observed in the levels of the non enzymatic antioxidants ceruloplasmin, ascorbic acid and tocopherol. The results suggest that the aqueous stem extract of C. fenestratum prevents type 2 diabetes mellitus induced oxidative stress.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.191-194
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• 2017

Ocimum gratissimum is a common plant in the tropics and has been used in food and medicine. Its usage in food and medicine could be attributed to its phtyochemical and antimicrobial properties. In this study we investigated the proximate, phytochemical, and antimicrobial attributes of air dried leaves of O. gratissimum. The aqueous extract was found to contain phtyochemicals with alkaloid and saponin present in appreciable amounts. The proximate analysis (crude protein and crude fibre content were 15.075% and 17.365%, respectively) showed that the leaf could be a good source of protein and fibre. The aqueous ethanolic extract of the leaf exhibited activity against a wider range of organisms when compared to the aqueous extract at the investigated concentrations. Aqueous ethanolic extracts of O. gratissimum leaf was active against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus and the aqueous extract of the leaf was active against P. aeruginosa.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2008

The aqueous extract from the fruit body of Lentinus edodes was evaluated for inhibitory activities against $\alpha$-glucosidase isolated from Spargue-Dawley male rats. A aqueous extract of Lentinus edodes exhibited 13.8% inhibitory activity on using 2 mM p-nitrophenyl $\alpha$-D-glucopyranoside as a substrate ($IC_{50}$ 75.3 mg/ml). The aqueous extract of Lentinus edodes inhibition type on $\alpha$-glucosidase was determined to be competitive inhibition. When it was oral administered to increase of blood glucose levels after STZ-induced in a dose dependent dietary. These results suggest that aqueous extract of Lentinus edodes effect a metabolism of intestine, and thereby reducing the increase of blood glucose after STZ-induced.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.135-138
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• 1993

Aqueous fractions from Korean red ginseng inhibited the phosphorylations of 40 KD and 20 KD polypeptides which were induced by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (100 nM) in human platelets. Much more carbohydrates were contained in the aqueous fractions than proteins. An aqueous fraction extracted with methanol, mainly, consists of glycoproteins, molecular weights of which were below 18 KD. We may infer that the aqueous fraction from Korean red ginseng do antitumorous and antiplatelet functions.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.78-82
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• 2000

For the purpose of investigation of the food processing fittness of the sea mustard aqueous extracts, the steady shear flow have been measured over a wide range of shear rate using a Brookfield digital viscometer(SPDL21). The rheological behaviors of the sea mustard aqueous extracts which were extracted at 10$0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours exhibited pseudoplastic behavior with yield stress. In the test of the relationship between temperature and apparent viscosity of samples at 10 rpm decreased along with the increment of temperature. The sea mustard aqueous extracts appeared greatly temperature dependent characteristics(Ea=1.51 ㎉/mole).

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 1999

The solubility of H2S is an important parameter for modeling H2S absorption. Since the direct measurement of H2S solubility in aqueous amine solutions is impossible, this work initially attempted to develop an H2S analogy method, however, this was unsuccessful. Consequently, H2S solubilities were measured in aqueous amines which were completely protonated with HCI over a temperature range of 25-60℃. The solvents investigated in this work included 0-50% aqueous solutions of methyldiethanolamine and diethanolamine. Thereafter, a new empirical correlation was developed that can predict Henry's constant for H2S using only the solubility of H2S in water and t도 molecular weight of the aqueous solvent.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.647-652
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• 2013

Solubility profiles of zein and carotenoid in aqueous ethanol were studied. Zein showed minimum turbidity at the aqueous ethanol concentration of 87-92%, indicating least aggregations between protein molecules. Solubilities of zein and carotenoid increased linearly with the content of yellow zein up to 20% in the aqueous ethanol range of 60-95% tested. At room temperature of $20^{\circ}C$, zein showed maximum solubility in broad ethanol concentration ranges of 60-95%, while that for carotenoid was somewhat narrower with ethanol concentration range of 85-95%. However, at incubation temperature of $-20^{\circ}C$, solubilities of both carotenoid and zein were lowered, with dramatic reduction being exhibited at aqueous ethanol concentration of 60% for both compounds, while substantial reduction in solubility was shown at 95% ethanol by zein only. Zein was practically insoluble in absolute ethanol, regardless of temperature range tested, while carotenoid remained largely soluble, though there was pronounced decrease in solubility at the subfreezing temperature.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.531-537
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• 1994

This study was undertaken with objective of optimizing the conditions of fermentation in an aqueous two-phase system which is composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 20000 and crude dextran (Dx). The data were obtained and analyzed using the Box-Wilson's experimental design protocol and the response surface methodology. To reach this end a multilinear polynomial regres- sion model was developed, which can be utilized for the purpose of optimizing the extractive fermentation. Optimum conditions for batch fermentation with aqueous two phase system were found to be at 4.2~5.4% PEG/3.2~4.2% Dx range. The composition of the center was 4.8% PEG/ 3.6% Dx. Optimum operating conditions for initial sugar concentration and fermentation time were approximately 160 g/l, and 21~22 hr, respectively. Fermentation in the aqueous two phase system composed of 5% PEG/4% Dx showed increase of 23% in ethanol concentration, of 9.5% in ethanol yield, and of 19% in ethanol productivity as compared to the case of fermentation of neat Jerusalem artichoke juice.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.743-745
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• 1996

Chemical components of bovine aqueous humor were analyzed. Significant levels of protein, urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, calcium and electrolytes including sodium, potassium and chloride were detected. The composition of bovine aqueous humor is similar to that of cerebrospinal fluids, rather than that of plasma. It was also found that there is no significant difference in most components between aqueous humor of Korean native cattle and that of Holstein-Friesian cattle.