• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 2008

Researchers have investigated many upper bound techniques applicable to error probabilities on the maximum likelihood (ML) decoding performance of turbo-like codes and low density parity check (LDPC) codes in recent years for a long codeword block size. This is because it is trivial for a short codeword block size. Previous research efforts, such as the simple bound technique [20] recently proposed, developed upper bounds for LDPC codes and turbo-like codes using ensemble codes or the uniformly interleaved assumption. This assumption bounds the performance averaged over all ensemble codes or all interleavers. Another previous research effort [21] obtained the upper bound of turbo-like code with a particular interleaver using a truncated union bound which requires information of the minimum Hamming distance and the number of codewords with the minimum Hamming distance. However, it gives the reliable bound only in the region of the error floor where the minimum Hamming distance is dominant, i.e., in the region of high signal-to-noise ratios. Therefore, currently an upper bound on ML decoding performance for turbo-like code with a particular interleaver and LDPC code with a particular parity check matrix cannot be calculated because of heavy complexity so that only average bounds for ensemble codes can be obtained using a uniform interleaver assumption. In this paper, we propose a new bound technique on ML decoding performance for turbo-like code with a particular interleaver and LDPC code with a particular parity check matrix using ML estimated weight distributions and we also show that the practical iterative decoding performance is approximately suboptimal in ML sense because the simulation performance of iterative decoding is worse than the proposed upper bound and no wonder, even worse than ML decoding performance. In order to show this point, we compare the simulation results with the proposed upper bound and previous bounds. The proposed bound technique is based on the simple bound with an approximate weight distribution including several exact smallest distance terms, not with the ensemble distribution or the uniform interleaver assumption. This technique also shows a tighter upper bound than any other previous bound techniques for turbo-like code with a particular interleaver and LDPC code with a particular parity check matrix.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.88-93
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• 2007

The purpose of the study reported here was to test the hypotheses that clinically healthy dogs will not manifest immediate hypersensitivity responses to intradermal injection of Malassezia pachydermatis extracts but that affected dogs with Malassesia otitis will manifest such hypersensitivity. Wd desired to identify approximate molecular mass of any allergenic components of the yeast by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein profile of Malassezia pachydermatis extracts showed between 16 and 110 kDa. Especially, the intensity was strongest between 25 and 80 kDa. Mean wheal diameters in the affected groups of 20, 2, 0.2, and $0.02{\mu}g/ml$ were $13.36{\pm}0.67,\;5.33{\pm}0.67,\;5.47{\pm}0.82,\;and\;5.07{\pm}0.64$, respectively. Mean wheal thickness in the affected groups of 20, 2, 0.2, and $0.02{\mu}g/ml$ was $6.44{\pm}0.40,\;3.86{\pm}0.35,\;2.64{\pm}0.36,\;and\;2.60{\pm}0.44$, respectively. The difference of wheal diameters and thickness between healthy and affected groups was significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, the observations confirm that Malassezia pachydermatis-derived antigens may induce an immediate wheal response when intradermal injected in dogs. It seems reasonable to suggest that hypersensitivity to yeast may contribute to the development of clinical signs in dogs with immediate skin test reactivity, especially in dogs with Malassezia otitis extema.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38A no.3
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• pp.224-239
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• 2013

An exact performance analysis of an ML detector for a 2-dimensional rotation-transform aided QPSK system operating over an impulsive noise environment is presented using Rieman integrals of a two-dimensional Gaussian Q-function over Voronoi cells. A set of interesting features of the Voronoi cells is also characterised systematically. An optimum rotation angle yielding the minimum BER is also studied. The differences between the proposed exact method and the previous approximate analysis method are investigated in terms of the corresponding BERs and the derived optimum angles.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 1970

Only mannitol or glycerine is generally used for the determination of boric acid in a nickel plating solution in order to make its acidic property so strong that it can be titrated with NaOH. However, these solutions give very amgiguous color change of indicator due to the precipitation of nickel salts . Therefore, only experienced dchemistsorwell trained workimen can accurately confirm the actual end point of the titratiion. For eliminating such interference of nickel salts and easily confirming the end point by any persons , the author attempted to find out a solution which produces no precipitates during the titration in these experiments, and also he tried to funish the reason for ambiguousness in titration. The following results were obtained after many experiments. (1) In any titrations which produce nickel salts such nI(oh)$_2$, the salt is formed umption very approximate to the end point, which shows some error by the consumption of titrant(NaOH) . Then, the pink color of phenolphthalein is absorbed by Ni(OH)$_2$ and the pH jumping at the end pint is also diminished to as little as less than 15% of the total phenophthalein ph range. (2) Known methods by complex salts of citrate,w hich do not produce precipitates of Ni(OH)$_2$, are also not very satisfactory, because, the pH jumping at the end point is only about 35% and the color change of phenolphthalein is form blue-green to purple-blue. (3) New method by complex salts of oxalate were attempted in these experiments. They also did not produce precipitates of Ni(OH)$_2$ and were very satisfactory in color change at the end of point was about 65% and the color change was from blue-green to purpled. In this methods, analytica cost was minimized by the use of less amounts of cheaper chemicals than the conventional citrates complex methods. The mixture of chemicals used was composed methods. The mixture of chemical used was composed of 37g/ι of sodium oxalate(Na$_2$C$_2$O$_4$$.$5H$_2$O), 2g/ι of phenolphthalein, and 400ml /ι of glycerin. The accuracy of analysis was within the error of 0.5%. (4) The procedure of analysis was as follows. One ml of nickel plating solution was taken out and to it were added 20ml of water and 20 ml of the above mixture for the indicator. The solution was titrated with 0.1N NaOH. The quantity of boric acid was calculated by the following equation. Boric acid (g/ι) = 6.184${\times}$F${\times}$ml .

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.373-382
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• 2007

This study was conducted to obtain acute information of the oral dose toxicity of PGB-1, a novel polyglucosamine polymer produced from a new strain Enterobacter sp. BL-2 in male and female mice. In order to calculated 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) and approximate lethal dose (LD), test material was once orally administered to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 125 and 0 (vehicle control) ml/kg (body wt.). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs, gross observation and organ weight and histopathology of principle organs were monitored 14 days after dosing with PGB-1. We could not find any mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross findings. In addition, significant changes in the organ weight and histopathology of principal organs were not observed except for some sporadic findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that PGB-1 may not be toxic in mice and may be therefore safe for clinical use. The $LD_{50}$ and approximate LD in mice after single oral dose of PGB-1 were considered over 2000 mg/kg in both female and male mice.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.1078-1085
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• 2018

A salt-tolerant cellulase secreted by a marine Bacillus sp. SR22 strain with wide resistance to temperature and pH was purified and characterized. Its approximate mass was 37 kDa. The endoglucanase, named as Bc22Cel, was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration chromatography, and extraction from the gel after non-reducing sodium dodecyl sufate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimal pH value and temperature of Bc22Cel were 6.5 and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. The purified Bc22Cel showed a considerable halophilic property, being able to maintain more than 70% of residual activity even when pre-incubated with 1.5 M NaCl for 1 h. Kinetic analysis of the purified enzyme showed the $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ to be 0.704 mg/ml and $29.85{\mu}mol{\cdot}ml^{-1}{\cdot}min^{-1}$, respectively. Taken together, the present data indicate Bc22Cel as a potential and useful candidate for industrial applications, such as the bioconversion of sugarcane bagasse to its derivatives.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.483-489
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• 2014

In this study, experiments were conducted for micro pattern printing to combine solution atomization process and stencil printing based on electrospray deposition. The stencil mask fabricated by etching the photosensitive glass placed below 0.3 mm distance to substrate has 100 um line width. The process parameters of electrospray deposition system for the atomization of the solution are applied voltage and supply flow rate of the solution. Meniscus angle of cone-jet was optimized by varying the supply flow rate from 0.3 ml/hr to 0.7 ml/hr. Voltage condition was verified having symmetric cone-jet angle and no pulsation at 8.5 kV applied voltage. In addition, a number of micro patterns are printed using a single 1 step process by solution atomization process. Variable line width of approximate 100 um was confirmed by changing conditions of solution atomization regardless of the pattern size of stencil mask.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.710-716
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• 1995

$\beta $-1, 4-D-arabinogalactanase isolated from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. HJ-12, approximate Mw 42 kDa, was generally stable in the range of pH 6-10 and below 50$\circ$C and its highest activity was observed at 60$\circ$C with pH 7-9. The isolated $\beta $-1, 4-D-arabinogalactanase specifically hydrolyzed $\beta $-1, 4-galactosyl linkage that is the major structure of soybean arabinogalactan (SAG) but not $\beta $-1, 3-galactosyl linkage of the other polysaccharides. K. was estimated as 0.67 mg/ml by the method of Hanes-Woolf plot. No metals and chemical reagents inhibited the enzyme activity but urea did. The active site of this enzyme assumed to be tryptophan residue. The hydrolysis products from SAG, assayed by gel chromatography, TLC and HPLC, were predominantly galactotetraose (Gal$_{4}$) and triose (Gal$_{3}$) with a small portion. $\beta $-1, 4-D-arabinogalactanase hydrolyzed ONPG as well as SAG, and the degree of hydrolysis of SAG was 15% which is lower than that by the other $\beta $-1, 4-galactanases from different sources. SAG treated with this enzyme resulted in the reduction of specific viscosity up to 70%.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.81-85
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• 2013

Background: Early diagnosis of carcinoma of bladder remains a challenge. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family, is frequently activated in bladder carcinoma. The objective of this study was to investigate urinary survivin as a marker for diagnosis of urinary bladder. Materials and Methods: We examined urinary survivin concentration in 28 healthy individuals, 46 positive controls and 117 cases of histologically proven TCC prior to transurethral resection, using ELISA, and compared values with findings for urinary cytology. Results: Survivin was found to be significantly higher in the cancer group (P<0.05). A cut off value of 17.7 pg/ml was proposed, with an approximate sensitivity of 82.9% and specificity of 81.1% (P<0.0001), whereas urine cytology had a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 96.0%. Conclusions: Urinary survivin can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for TCC bladder, both for primary and recurrent disease.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 1971

Studies were undertaken on the changes in the renal blood flow by relating them with the alterations in the amplitudes in the rheogram of rabbits. The changing pattern of the electrical conductivity was recorded by means of the needle electrodes inserted into the kidney and the surrounding aluminium foil which was grounded. The Impedance Rheograph manufactured by the Narco Company was used. The small artifact which persisted after ligation of the renal vessels was subtracted from the value obtained in each pulsatile wave in the rheogram. The animals were nembutalized intravenously, 30 mg/kg. A plastic canule was inserted into the carotid artery and the arterial blood pressure was monitored continuously with the pressure transducer connected to the physiograph. Stepwise bleedings were performed on the animal. The first bleeding was between 13 to 18 ml in the amount, and it was folowed by consecutive hemorrhages, 5 or 10 ml each time. The total amount of bleeding was summed as much as 1.5-2% of the body weight. Two minutes fter each bleeding th arterial blood pressure, ECG and the rheogram were taken. That was the necessary time to obtain the stabilized picture of each parameter. After closing the bleeding process, the shed blood was retransfused into the animal and the response in the renal blood flow was observed as well as the arterial blood pressure. Particularly the presence or absence of the autoregulatory mechanism in the situation of the hemorrhage was also studied. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In 7 cases out of 22, that was about one third of the total number of experiments, the autoregulatory mechanism of the renal blood flow persisted even in acute hemorrhage, and the decreases in the renal blood flow were less than 10% of the control values even when the arterial blood pressure dropped to 66-87% of the original value obtained before the bleeding. 2. Because of the stepwise bleeding the exact blood pressure at which the renal blood flow reduced as much as one third of the control value could not be obtained. However, the results revealed that the approximate pressure, expressed as percentage of the control value, was 50-60% in 3 cases, 61-70% in 4 cases and 71-80% in 8 cases. In one case the decrease in the renal blood flow exceeded one third of the control value before the pressure dropped to 80% of the control. 3. In 19 cases the decreases in the renal blood flow exceeded one half of the control values by hemorrhage. Then the arterial blood pressure revealed less than 40% of the control value in 6-cases. In 2 cases the pressure was 51-60% of the control pressure. In 5 cases the range of bleed pressure was 61-70%, and in e remaining 6 cases the pressure ranged from 71 to 80% of e control value. 4. Out of 15 cases of retransfusion after definite decreases in the renal blood flow loller·ing the hemorrhage, 9 cases restored their renal blood flow. On the contrary 6 cases showed low values even when the shed blood was retransfused. 5. Theories concerning the mechanism of the autoregulation of the renal blood flow were reviewed for the purpose of explanation of the results obtained. However, there are much to be done before greater satisfaction