• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.403-431
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• 2011

The environmental issues including domestic measures to protect public life or health are generally easy to bring the tension between the WTO and its member countries. The standard of review, whether de novo review, total deference, or somewhere in between, is largely important in the WTO's adjudicating mechanism because it is closely related to the appropriate balance of power between sovereign nations and the WTO: The multilateral trading regime, through the proper standard of review, could harmoniously operated without interest conflicts among the member countries and at the same time between the WTO and the member countries. Irrespective the important function of the standard of review in the WTO judicial system, applicable standard of review has not been established in the current SPS Agreement. Furthermore, the nature of the SPS Agreement related in scientific factors, such as scientific experiment, data and assessment prevents the WTO's panel from applying consistent standard of review. Considering the judicial demand for the moderate treatment of the case under the SPS Agreement, this paper explores appropriate standard of review applicable the SPS-related environmental measures, particularly, by analysing the recent SPS-related dispute, US-Hormones Suspension.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.1153-1160
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• 2016

There have been many studies on the subject of risks in the Construction Industry and many useful results have been produced. However, risk studies on the conditions of contract, which is the most critical contract documents, has not been tried despite of its contractual function in the overseas projects. In this study, various contractual risks are identified for proper and reasonable evaluation of the contractual risks possibly encountered in the Tender and/or Contract stages of the Projects. For development of study, FIDIC Red Book 1999 Edition which is world widely recognised as a standard conditions of contract prepared for the projects designed by the Employer. Contractual risks are divided into three levels and applicable clauses are assigned to each appropriate risk factors. And table of major contractual risk factors are made using the classified levels of each factors with evaluation criteria as a result of this study. As this study is made only for the conditions of contract which is prepared for the construction contracts designed by the Employer, further studies for other types of contracts such as Design-Build (FIDIC Yellow Book), EPC/Turnkey (FIDIC Silver Book) and recently developed Design, Build and Operate type of contract (FIDIC Gold Book) are required to cover various types of projects executed in the world construction markets.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.364-370
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• 2011

Water quality criteria for human health protection are derived based on the human health risk assessment. Water quality criteria in Korean freshwater bodies have been derived according to the equations developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The equations include the fish intake parameter, which is very important factor that significantly influences on the criteria derivation. So far, several fish intake values were used in human health risk assessment for water quality standards and effluent standards. However, these values are not consistent and they refer to various sources. Therefore, there is a need to suggest the most appropriate value of fish intake parameter to derive freshwater quality criteria in Korea. In this study, national and international fish intake values were widely collected and evaluated to select the adequate value of fish intake parameter that can be applied in Korea. The USEPA presented fish intake parameter as the 17.5 g/day for general adults and sport fishers and 142.4 g/day for subsistence fishers. In Korean reports, wide range values of 2 to 67.7 g/day were suggested as fish intake value. These values included finfish and shellfish intakes in common but had various habits. This study found that the 52.4 g/day suggested in Korean Exposure Factors Handbook published by the Ministry of Environment in 2007 seemed to be the suitable fish intake parameter to derive the freshwater quality criteria in Korea. The value is based on water corrected intakes of finfish and shellfish present in freshwater and coastal areas. We expect that this report can be useful to select suitable fish intake value in human health risk assessment for establishing freshwater quality standard in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.120-128
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• 2022

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are a basic component in the electronics industry and are widely used in nearly all electronic products, such as mobile phones, tablet computers, and digital cameras, as well as in electric equipment. PCB manufacturing involves the use of many chemicals and chemical processes and therefore has more risks than other manufacturing sectors. This study aims to identify the causes of possible accidents during PCB manufacturing through risk assessment, develop and implement safety measures, and evaluate the effectiveness of these measures. Note that the safety measures developed to mitigate the risks of a certain process were also implemented for other similar processes. The risk assessments conducted over seven years, from 2015 to 2021, at a PCB manufacturing company identified 361 hazardous processes. Between 2016 and 2019, 41-56 hazardous processes were identified per year; such processes decreased to fewer than 20 per year after 2020. Application of the risk assessment results to the improvement of the hazardous processes with the similar characteristics seems to be effective in decreasing the risks. Equipment-related factors such as lack of appropriate maintenance, low work standards, and defective protection devices were responsible for 59.8% of all possible accidents. Because PCB manufacturing involves many chemicals, skin contact with hazardous substances, electric shock, fire, and explosion were the most common types of possible accidents (81.7%). In total, 505 safety measures were implemented, including 157 related to purchase and improvement of equipment and devices for safety (31.1%), 147 related to the installation/modification of fire prevention facilities (29.1%), and 69 related to the use of standard electrical appliances (13.7%). Risk assessment conducted after implementing the safety measures showed that these measures significantly decreased risk; 247 processes (68.4%) had a risk level of 3, corresponding to "very low," and 114 processes (31.6%) showed a risk level of 4, corresponding to "low." In particular, risk assessment of 104 processes with risk scores of 12 and 10 other processes with risk score of 16 showed that the risk decreased to 4 after implementing the safety measures. Thus, implementing these measures in similar manufacturing sectors that involve chemical processes can mitigate risk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2008

The safety assessment for facility industry is now being periodically performed. For the purpose of scientific safety management, QRA(Quantitative Risk Assessment) is also being performed, and reliability data of the facilities is essential to perform the assessment. Generally, the existing safety assessment is performed by using the values announced in other industry processes, which result in the drop of reliability. In order to solve this problem, there is an urgent need to establish reliability database for the facilities. The most appropriate method is to perform a direct reliability analysis towards the facilities undergoing safety assessment. In this study, in compliance with the assessment method and procedure of OREDA-2002 handbook, the facility reliability data are collected, which include the calendar time and operational time in terms of different facility items, the number of failures in terms of different failure mode, the mean, standard deviation, lower limit and upper limit of failure rate, and the failure rate. And the data process method for this special occasion is also proposed when the number of failure is 0.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.517-527
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• 2004

Purpose: This research is to find a solution for educational work on high blood pressure control in public health centers by analyzing their current status. Method: It analyzed data from 133 public health centers that had been doing educational work on high blood pressure, through a questionnaire. Also, it developed recommendations by converging opinions from an expert group made of 25 people with nominal group technique. Result: The educational methods of public health centers did not make any approach to get to the goal of the work. The mass media education and campaign activities for the general public had just temporary and passive propensities. In education for patients, it did not use appropriate methods to present management techniques for diagnosis process of patients, medication management, self monitoring BP, and risk factors. Pocket book for monitoring high blood pressure was not focused on self-recording for self-management. The expert group recommended that educational materials for adults should be developed focusing on treatments and observance of risk factors through daily living, and those for children should be focused on basic understanding about diseases, and life style. Conclusion: Presenting direction and strategy of fundamental education work is needed for public health centers by giving them standard educational guidelines of managing high blood pressure nationally, and it is desirable that fundamental frameworks of educational materials should be developed and distributed by professional groups nationally.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.3241-3245
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• 2015

Purpose: To examine the effectiveness of mitomycin-C and chemo-hyperthermia in combination for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: Between November 2011-September 2013, 43 patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing adjuvant chemo-hyperthermia in two centers were evaluated retrospectively. Treatment consisted of 6 weekly sessions, followed by 6 sessions. Recurrence and progression rate, recurrence-free interval and side effects were examined. Analyzed factors included age, gender, smoking status, AB0 blood group, body mass index, T stage and grade, concominant CIS assets. The associations between predictors and recurrence were assessed using multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses. Results: A total of 40 patients completed induction therapy. Thirteen (32.5%) were diagnosed with tumor recurrence. Median follow-up was 30 months (range 9-39). Median recurrence-free survival was 23 months (range 6-36). The Kaplan-Meier-estimated recurrence-free rates for the entire group at 12 and 24 months were 82% and 61%. There was no statistically significant difference between patient subgroups. Cox hazard analyses showed that an A blood type (OR=6.23, p=0.031) was an independent predictor of recurrence-free. Adverse effects were seen in 53% of patients and these were frequently grades 1 and 2. Conclusions: Intravesical therapy with combination of mitomycin-C and chemohyperthermia seems to be appropriate in high-risk patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer who cannot tolerate or have contraindications for standard BCG therapy.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.253-281
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• 2014

The quest for enhanced thermal comfort for dwellings encompasses the holistic utilization of improved building fabric, impact of weather variation and amongst passive cooling design consideration the provision of appropriate ventilation and shading strategy. Whilst thermal comfort is prime to dwellings considerations, limited research has been done in this area with the attention focused mostly on non-dwellings. This paper examines the current and future thermal comfort implications of four different standard construction specifications which show a progressive increase in thermal mass and airtightness and is underpinned by the newly developed CIBSE adaptive thermal comfort method for assessing the risk of overheating in naturally ventilated dwellings. Interactive investigation on the impact of building fabric variation, natural ventilation scenarios, external shading and varying occupants' characteristics to analyse dwellings thermal comfort based on non-heating season of current and future weather patterns of London and Birmingham is conducted. The overheating analysis focus on the whole building and individual zones. The findings from the thermal analysis simulation are illustrated graphically coupled with statistical analysis of data collected from the simulation. The results indicate that, judicious integrated approach of improved design options could substantially reduce the operating temperatures in dwellings and enhance thermal comfort.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.413-424
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• 2021

Health impact assessment in the environmental impact assessment is conducted to determine whether to exceed the standard of each single substance and to establish appropriate reduction measures. In some development projects, although all substances in risk assessment meet the standard, exposure concentration is very close to it. However, considering the cumulative exposure of all substances, health effects are likely to occur considerably severer than those of individual substances, so it is necessary to prepare a concrete and improved methodology for integrating evaluation of emissions to identify the health effects actually exposed to receptors of living things. This study established the definition of cumulative risk assessment through overseas advanced cases and domestic and foreign literature reviews, and proposed a methodology for utilizing cumulative risk assessment considering health effects on multiple substances when developing industrial complexes. Applied by the proposed methodology, integrated indicators forfourtypes of hazardous heavy metals (Ni, Cr⁶⁺, Cd, As) emitted from industrial complexes were calculated, and applicability was tested with case of the industrial complex development projects conducted over the last decade (2011-2020).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2011

Background: Up to now, lobectomy, bilobectomy and pneumonectomy combined with extensive lymph node dissection have been regarded as the standard procedures for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In high-risk patients, however, limited resection (LR) has been attempted as a salvage procedure, and, recently, indication for LR has been extended to selected cases with early-stage NSCLC. Material and Methods: Among the 773 patients who underwent surgical procedures for NSCLC in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from May 2003 to December 2008, 43 patients received LR. Medical records of these patients were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Mean age at operation was $66.0{\pm}12.4$ years, and there were 30 males. Twenty-five patients underwent conservative limited resection (CLR) and 18 underwent intentional limited resection (ILR). Indications for CLR were multiple primary lung cancer in 9 (9/25, 36%) and severe concomitant diseases in 5 (5/25, 20%). Of these, 6 patients underwent segmentectomy and 19 received wedge resection. During the follow-up period of $28.0{\pm}17.8$ months, 15 patient developed recurrent lung cancer. ILR was selectively performed in lesions almost purely composed of ground glass opacity (${\geq}$95%), or in small solid lesions (${\leq}$2 cm). Of these, 11 patients underwent segmentectomy and 7 underwent wedge resection. During the follow-up period of $31.7{\pm}11.6$ months, no patient developed recurrence. Conclusion: Intermediate-term outcome of LR for early-stage lung cancer is comparable to that of standard operation. For the delineation of the indications and appropriate surgical techniques for LR, prospective randomized multi-institutional study may be expedient.