• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.1131-1140
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• 2019

Characteristics of fruit tree canopies are important target information for adjusting the pesticide application rate in variable rate spraying in orchards. Therefore, the target detection of the canopy characteristics is very important. In this study, a canopy volume measurement method for peach trees was presented and a variable rate spraying system based on canopy volume measurement was developed using the ultrasonic sensing, one of the most effective target detection method. Ten ultrasonic sensors and two flow control units were mounted on the orchard air-assisted sprayer. The ultrasonic sensors were used to detect the canopy diameters and the flow controls were used to modify the flow rate of the nozzles in real time. Two treatments were established: a constant application rate of $300Lha^{-1}$ was set as the control treatment for the comparison with the variable rate application at a $0.095Lm^{-3}$ canopy. The tracer deposition at different parts of peach trees and the tracer losses to the ground (between rows and within rows) were analyzed in detail under constant rate and variable rate application. The results showed that there were no significant differences between two treatments in the liquid distribution and the capability to reach the inner parts of the crop canopies.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2016

Purpose : The solar shading device carries out roles in a reduction of the cooling load and an improvement of the thermal comfort of occupants by adjusting incident solar radiation. In addition, The shading device enhances the visual sensation comfort by controlling the optical properties. In order to improve building performance and comfort of occupancy, interests in application of the shading devices are getting increasing. This study investigated the application and effectiveness of the external shading device design using statistical analysis. The outcome of this paper could be utilized for the realization of status quo and for an estimation of effectiveness of the shading device Method : The period of data gathering was between 2003 and 2014 and total 459 cases of practical building project were investigated. Firstly, this study defined qualification of the shading devices; the shading device should have minimum protruding lengths of 150mm to outside and have the function of shading control. This paper investigated application rate of the shading device in real project, regional rate of application, annual change of application, materials and types. Result : The statistical analysis showed that the application rate of shading devices was 25.7% in total 459 building design projects. The application rate in central and southern region was 25.3% and 27.0% respectively. Meanwhile, Jeju region showed 22.2%, which was the lowest rate although this area needs more shading devices. The application number of the shading device was the smallest in 2007, but the rate gradually increased after that. The applications was the largest in 2014 due to growing interest of the shading devices in the building.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.406-413
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• 1996

A control system for a self-propelled boom sprayer to spray at uniform application rate was developed and evaluated. The ground speed of the sprayer was converted into voltage. The voltage was used as an input signal. Output signal was current of a servo motor, that controlled application pressure of the sprayer with a feedback control system. Spraying was executed at the pressure of 20~55 psi and the speed of 0.640~0.696 km/hr and 1.040-1.131 km/hr. Although the pressure and the speed of sprayer were changed continuously, application rate was tried to keep a nearly constant amount of 666.67 L/ha. This result showed that the developed control system for uniform application rate was adoptable for the self-propelled sprayer.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.56-63
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• 2024

Purposes: This study aims to analyze the correlation with the current status of the medical resident application rate, physician's income, and non-benefit rates of majors in each specialty subject and to suggest implications. Methodology: First, it analyzes the correlation between the medical resident application rate by specialty subject and the income of physicians. Second, it analyzes the correlation between the income of specialists and the non-benefit rate for each specialty subject at the clinic level. Findings: First, a significant positive correlation was found between the medical resident application rate and the average physician's income for each specialty subject (r=.718, p<.01). Second, a significant positive correlation was observed between physician income at the practitioner level by medical specialty and the non-benefit rate (r=.726, p<.01). Practical Implications: In this study, the correlation between medical resident application rate by specialty subject and physician's income, non-payment and physician's income was confirmed. Choosing a department that is less risky and can earn higher income is a natural phenomenon, but it is necessary to adjust the physicians crowding phenomenon to a specific specialty subject at the government level to maintain the medical system.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2007

Objective : The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of Autogenic Training on autonomic nervous system for normal subjects with Heart Rate Variability(HRV). Then HRV of total subjects were analyzed by Sasang constitution, MBTI type and relaxation therapy experience. Method : Autogenic Training was applied on 39 subjects individually. Then HRV was examined each 5 minutes before and after Autogenic Training application. Results : 1. Mean HRV, SDNN, SDSD were significant different in HRV between before and after Autogenic Training application in total subjects. 2. SDNN, SDSD were significant different in HRV between before and after Autogenic Training application in Soeumin. Mean HRV, SDNN, SDSD were significant different in HRV between before and after Autogenic Training application in Taeeumin. Conclusion : The results suggest that Autogenic Training application have shown anti-stress effects. Autogenic Training application to Soeumin and Taeeumin have shown more anti -stress effects than application to Soyangin.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.86-92
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• 2012

To promote the practical use of livestock manure compost (LC) for paddy rice cultivation, the fertilization efficiency of nutrients in LCs was investigated compared to that of chemical fertilizer. This experiment was conducted at rice field in Hwaseong, Korea, with 6 treatments by each of 3 kinds of tested LCs, cattle manure compost (CaC), swine manure compost (SwC) and chicken manure compost (ChC). The treatments consisted of 3 application levels of LCs and 3 chemical fertilizer treatments having the same application levels with LCs. $NH_4$-N content in soil became higher according to the increase in the urea application rate, while it became lower in LC plots than in urea plots, and statistically had no significant difference among LC plots. There was a close relationship between phosphate fertilization rate and the increment of soil available phosphate content after experiment resulting y = 0.1788x - 6.169 ($R^2=0.9425$) when applied fused superphosphate fertilizer, and y = 0.0662x - 2.689 ($R^2=0.9315$) when applied LC at the equivalent rates to phosphate input (x: phosphate application rate, kg $ha^{-1}$, y: increment in soil available phosphate content, mg $kg^{-1}$). And from these two equations, the correlation on the phosphate application rate between fused superphosphate fertilizer and LC could be obtained as y = 2.7056x - 52.492 (x: $P_2O_5$ application rate of fused superphosphate, kg $ha^{-1}$, y: $P_2O_5$ application rate of LC, kg $ha^{-1}$). Plant height, number of tillers, nutrients uptake by rice, and rice yield showed higher levels in N 100% and N 150% application plots of chemical fertilizers, while every LC plots exhibited lower values and no significant difference among them. Relative nitrogen fertilization efficiencies of LCs compared to urea was 12.3% for CaC, 8.8 for SwC and 24.6 for ChC, respectively.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of the mixed application of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) on the agronomic characteristics, dry matter yield, amino acids, minerals, and free sugars in cultivating Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrid (SSH) on paddy soil. The field experiment was designed in a randomized block design with three replications and consisted of CF 100% (C), CF 70% + LSM 30% (T1), CF 50% + LSM 50% (T2), CF 30% + LSM 70% (T3), and LSM 100% treatment (T4). The application of LSM was based solely on the nitrogen. Plant length, leaf length, leaf width and number of leaf were significantly higher in T4 (p<0.05), but stem diameter did not show significant differences among treatments. Stem hardness increased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate decreased, but sugar degree decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate decreased. Fresh yield, dry matter yield and TDN yield were the highest in T4, whereas the lowest in T2 (p<0.05). Crude protein, crude fat and crude ash were the highest in C, T4 and T2, respectively (p<0.05). However, NDF and ADF did not show significant difference among treatments. Crude fiber decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. The total mineral content was decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. Total amino acid content was higher in the order of T1> C> T3> T4> T2 (p<0.05). Free sugar content increased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. The analysis of all the above results suggests that the application of liquid swine manure is very effective, considering the yield performance and the content of sugar degree and free sugar. In addition, liquid swine manure may be possible to grow Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrid without chemical fertilizer.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2008

벼 재배시 유기질비료에 의한 질소비료 대체를 위하여 혼합유박의 적정 시용량 및 시용시기를 구명코자 전북통에서 동진1호를 공시하여 2년 동안 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 시험 후 토양화학성 중 유기물 함량은 표준시비에 비하여 혼합유박 기비 100%구에서 높은 반면에 총질소 함량은 가장 낮았으며 유효인산 함량은 혼합유박 대체 시용량이 적을수록 높았다. 또한 표준시비구에 비하여 혼합유박 시용구에서 유기물 함량이 높았고, 유효인산, 총질소 함량 및 양이온치환용량은 혼합유박 시용시기가 늦을수록 낮아지는 경향을 나타냈으며 치환성양이온은 큰 변화가 없었다. 토양 중 무기태질소 함량은 혼합유박 시용량이 많을수록 높은 경향으로 수확기 무기태질소는 기비 70%, 50% 시용구에서 거의 용출이 완료되었으며 질소 $110kg\;ha^{-1}$를 혼합유박으로 전량 기비로 시용하였을 경우 시비질소의 무기태질소 함량은 시용시기가 늦을수록 많았으나 생육후기로 갈수록 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 생육시기별 SPAD 측정치는 표준시비에 비하여 혼합유박 대체 시용량이 많을수록 높은 경향을 나타냈고, 생육중기까지는 혼합유박 시용구에서 표준시비구보다 짙은 반면에 생육후기에는 기비 70%, 50% 시용구에서 옅었으며 혼합유박 시용시기가 늦을수록 생육전반에 걸쳐 짙은 경향을 나타냈다. 또한 시비질소 흡수량은 혼합유박 대체 시용량이 많을수록 많았고 성숙기에는 기비 50% 시용구에서 표준시비구보다 흡수량이 적었으며 질소이용률은 기비 70% 시용구에서 가장 높았다. 혼합유박 시용시기가 이앙 전 10~15일 시용구에서 시비질소 흡수량이 가장 많았고 시용시기가 빠를수록 적어졌으며 질소이용률도 같은 경향이었다. 쌀 수량은 표준시비구($5.18Mg\;ha^{-1}$) 대비 기비 50% 시용구에서는 대등하였으나, 기비 70%, 100% 시용구에서 수수 및 영화수 확보가 많아 4% 증수되었고, 유박 시용구에서 2~5% 증수되었으며 특히 이앙 전 15~10일 시용구에서 높았다. 또한 시용시기가 늦을수록 간장과 수장이 길었고 수수와 영화수확보가 많았으나 등숙비율은 낮아지며 현미 천립중은 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 현미의 외관적 품질 중 완전립 비율은 기비 100% 시용구에서 가장 낮았고, 완전미 비율은 기비 70%, 50% 시용구에서 높았으며 현미 중 단백질 함량은 혼합유박 시용으로 적은 경향을 나타냈다. 결론적으로 평야지 보통논의 혼합유박 적정 시용량 및 시용시기는 기비 70%, 이앙 전 10~15일 시용으로 판단되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.251-256
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• 1976

시험전 토양으로서 인산흡착실험을 행하고 Langmuir최대흡착량을 구하여 이의 5, 10, 20, 30%에 상당하는 인산을 야산신개간지에 전면 시비 혹은 구시비하고 대두를 재배하여 인산의 시용량 및 시용 방법과 대두 수량과의 관계를 분석하였다. 전면시비의 경우 대두의 수량은 최대시용량인 30%구까지 인산의 시용량과 더불어 증가하였다. 그러나 구시비구의 수량은 동량의 전면시비구보다 항상 높았으나 20%구에서 최대수량을 나타내었으며, 30%구에서는 다시 감소하였다. 구시비 5% 구의 수량은 전면시비 20%구의 수량과 비슷하고 구시비 10%의 수량은 전면시비 30%의 수량보다 17%나 높았다. 퇴구비를 1,000kg/10a 시용한 구시비 10%구의 수량은 퇴구비없이 인산만 시용한 구시비 10%구의 수량보다 14.6%가 높았으며 구시비 20%구의 수량과 대등하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.361-368
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• 2003

This study was intended to investigate the temporal and spatial variabilities of dry matter, nitrogen content, chlorophyll of paddy rice and yield caused by different rates of nitrogen application. An experimental field was divided into 45 plots of 3.48 ${\times}$ 12 m in size and application rate of nitrogen varied from 0 to 235% with an increment of 25% based on the standard rate of N-P$_2$O$_{5}$-K$_2$O=12-8-8 kg/10a. The measurements were made 8 times every 9-10 days after the transplanting. About 60 days after the transplanting, there exhibited little variabilities in the dry matter caused by different rates of nitrogen application. After that. however, there showed large variabilities and the dry matter increased with the application rate. The nitrogen content of paddy also increased with the application rate but it was inconsistent. After the tillering period, the nitrogen content remained constant. In the early stage of the tillering period the nitrogen content decreased in spite of increase in the dry matter. However. after a certain period of time it increased with the dry matter. There were little variabilities of chlorophyll after the transplanting. However, the SPAD increased with application rate of nitrogen as the paddy grew. After the tillering period SPAD was not affected by the different rates. More yield was obtained at the plots where larger nitrogen content was measured.d.