• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.957-965
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• 2005

The effect of ammoniation with urea and with soybean meal (SBM) as a source of urease on the nutritive value of wheat straw was evaluated in sheep. Twenty-four male Najdi lambs were used in a 3${\times}$2 factorial design, in which the animals were allocated to three straw treatments: 0% urea-treated (NT), 6% urea-treated (UT) and 2.2% urea-supplemented (US) straws. Each straw treatment was either supplemented or non-supplemented with 70 g SBM $kg^{-1}$ straw during the treatment time with urea, giving a total of six straw treatments. Each of these treatments was individually fed ad libitum to 4 lambs, together with 300 g of barley grain/head/day. Total N content of UT and US straws increased significantly (p<0.001) as compared to NT straw. The degree of urea hydrolysis, either with or without SBM addition, was nearly similar. Lambs fed either UT or US straw based diets had significantly (p<0.01) and numerically (p>0.05) higher straw DM intake (g $d^{-1}$ $kg^{-1}$ $BW^{0.75}$), compared to those fed NT straw based diet. Apparent DM or OM digestibilities increased significantly (p = 0.014) in lambs fed UT diet, and numerically (p>0.05) in lambs fed US diet as compared to those fed NT diet. Fiber (CF, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose) digestibility increased to a similar magnitude, averaging 20.2 (p<0.001) and 7.8% (p<0.07); this corresponds to 35 (p<0.001) and 51% (p<0.001) in N digestibility and approximately 78 (p<0.017) and 105% (p<0.002) in N retention, for UT and US diets, respectively, as compared to NT diet. However, the UT diet had higher (p<0.01) fiber digestibility over the US diet. Addition of SBM tended to improve (p = 0.09) straw DM and digestible OM intakes, while significantly increasing (p<0.001) total and digestible CP intakes across all diets. Lambs fed on US diet had higher ruminal ammonia N than those fed on UT (p<0.05) or NT (p<0.001) diets. However, ruminal pH and molar proportion of the volatile fatty acids did not differ (p>0.05) among the treatment diets. This study suggests that US and UT treatments, particularly the latter, improved straw intake, digestibility and N utilization by lambs compared to NT treatment. On the other hand, addition of SBM as a source of urease had a negligible effect on urea hydrolysis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1278-1284
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• 2000

An experiment was performed to evaluate different methods for preserving shrimp by-products and to determine their chemical composition. In the first experiment three ratios of shrimp by-product (SBP) to molasses (6:1, 4:1 and 3:1, wet weight), and to cassava root meal (3:1, 2:1 and 1:1, wet weight of shrimp by-product and air-dry weight of cassava root meal) were investigated. The pH of the SBP ensiled with molasses at a ratio of 3:1, and with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1, decreased during the first week to below 4.5 and remained low up to day 56 of ensiling, whereas the pH of the mixtures with higher ratios of SBP remained above 7.0, and the material deteriorated rapidly. The dry matter decreased initially in all treatments but then increased slightly from day 28 in the treatment where shrimp by-product was ensiled with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1. The crude protein (CP) and ammonia-N $(NH_3-N)$ contents of the preserved shrimp by-product material ensiled with molasses at a ratio of 3:1 increased significantly one week after ensiling. The CP content then remained constant, while the $NH_3-N$ concentration continued to increase up to 56 days after ensiling. When SBP was ensiled with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1 the CP content of the silage increased significantly up to 21 days after ensiling and then decreased back to the original level after 56 days, whereas $NH_3-N$ increased markedly up to 14 days and then remained fairly constant up to 56 days. However, the $NH_3-N$ content was significantly higher when SBP was ensiled with cassava root meal than with molasses. A balance experiment was carried out, arranged as a double Latin-square and including 6 F1 (Large White ${\times}$ Mong Cai) castrates fed randomly one of three diets based on cassava root meal, rice bran, and fish meal (FM) or shrimp by-product ensiled with molasses (SBEMO) or with cassava root meal (SBECA) as the main protein source. Apparent organic matter and CP digestibilities were significantly (p<0.001) higher for the fish meal diet than for the two shrimp by-product diets, although CP digestibility in SBEMO and SBECA was similar (p>0.05). N-retention was significantly higher for the fish meal diet than for the SBEMO diet, which in turn was significantly higher than for the SBECA diet (p<0.01). It can be concluded that shrimp by-product can be preserved by ensiling with molasses at a ratio of 3:1 or with cassava root meal at a ratio of 1:1. Nutrient digestibility and N-retention of diets based on these shrimp by-product silages were lower than for similar diets based on fish meal, probably due to their high chitin content and inferior amino acid balance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of selenium (Se) sources and levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and Se retention in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 56 crossbred pigs ([$Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$]${\times}$Large White) with average $28.5{\pm}0.2kg$ BW were allotted to 7 treatments on the basis of sex and weight in two replicates and four pigs per pen. A $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Two sources of Se (selenite Se or Se-enriched yeast) were added at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg to each treatment diet. A basal diet without Se supplementation was the seventh treatment group. Three pigs per treatment were randomly selected and samples of loin, liver, pancreas and a kidney were collected, frozen and later analyzed for Se. The digestibility trial was conducted to evaluate the apparent absorption and retention of Se and availability of other nutrients. Growth performance was not affected by dietary sources and levels of Se. No growth retardation was observed in the 0.5 mg/kg dietary Se treatment group regardless of Se sources. The Se concentration of serum in Se supplemented groups was increased compared with the control group (p<0.01). During the growing and finishing phase, Se in serum was clearly increased when organic Se was provided (p<0.01). Interaction of Se source ${\times}$ Se level was observed in Se concentration of loin, liver and pancreas of the pigs at the end of experiment. Selenium retention in the liver, kidney, pancreas and loin of pigs was increased as dietary Se level increased and was higher when pigs were fed organic Se resulting in an interaction response (p<0.01). Nutrient digestibilities were not affected by dietary Se sources or levels. No dietary Se source ${\times}$ Se level interaction was observed in nutrient digestibility. The results from this experiment indicated that dietary Se sources and levels affected the distribution of Se in the body of growing-finishing pigs. Organic source of Se, such as Se-enriched yeast resulted in higher serum and tissue Se concentration compared to inorganic form, while no beneficial effects on nutrient digestibility were observed from dietary Se supplementation in growing-finishing pigs.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.327-334
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• 1997

카제인과 알파전분으로 구성된 표준사료 70%와 실험코자하는 원료사료 30%를 함유하는 시험사료를 제조하여 평균 어체중 55 g의 이스라엘 잉어에 의한 원료사료의 단백질, 지방, 회분, 칼슘, 인 및 에너지 소화율을 측정하였다. 소화율의 측정은 27일간의 성장실험과 병행하여 수행되었는데, 분채집은 성장실험의 최종 10일간 행하였다. 실험기간 동안의 수온은 26-$30^\circC$로 유지되었으며 사료는 일일 5회씩 급여하였다. 본 실험에서 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 일인산칼슘(MCP) 함유구를 섭취한 어류의 증체량, 사료요구율 및 단백질 이용효율이 처리구중 가장 우수하였으며, 어분 함유구가 공히 그 다음으로 우수한 성장 및 단백질 이용효율을 나타내었다. 식물성 원료사료중에서는 맥주효모 및 콘글루텐 함유구가 성장과 단백질 이용효율이 우수하였다. 전반적으로 실험어류는 실험사료를 잘 섭취하였으며, 정상적인 성장을 보였다. 단백질 소화율은 대두박(SBM)이 91.9%로 시험원료중 가장 높았으며, 호마박(SSM)이 77.6%로 가장 낮았다. 어분(간접식 백색어분 : WFM-S : 직접식 백색어분 : WFM-F : 갈색어분 : BFM)의 경우 85.8% (BFM)에서 87.8% (WFM-F)로 86.6%의 소화율을 나타낸 소맥분 (WFL)과 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 어분의 지방 소화율은 83.5% (BFM)에서 85.8% (WFM-S와 WFM-F)로 유사하였으며, 호마박(SSM)이나 맥주효모(BY)의 소화율과 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한편, 시험원료중 지방함량이 가장 낮았던 SBM과 콘글루텐(CGM)의 소화율은 각각 88.3% 및 74%로 처리구중 각각 가장 높은 수치와 가장 낮은 수치를 보였다. 회분의 소화율은 MCP가 77.1%로 가장 우수하였으며, BY가 62.5%로 그 다음이었다. WFM-F은 4.8%인데 비해 WFM-S와 BFM은 각각 10.7% 및 10.6%로 유사하였다. CGM은 1.5%로 처리구중 가장 낮았다. 칼슘의 소화율은 회분 소화율과 동일한 경향을 보였으며, 인 소화율의 경우 WFM-S가 13.6%로 WFM-F (6.6%)와 BFM (8.5%)에 비해 높았다. BY 및 MCP의 인 소화율은 각각 57.2% 및 80.6%로 높게 나타났다. 에너지 소화율은 어분이 77.4-81.3%로 식물성 원료사료에 비해 높게 나타났으며, 식물성 원료사료중에서는 BY가 70.6%로 SBM, SSM 및 WFL과 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 CGM (64.5%)은 이들중 가장 낮았다(P<0.05). 본 실험의 결과 자료는 이스라엘 잉어에 의한 관행 원료사료내 영양소 및 에너지의 이용율의 수준을 보여주고 있으며, 사료배합시 또는 배합된 사료내 가소화 단백질 및 이용가능 인 함량을 예견하는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 가소화 에너지 소화율 자료는 대부분의 시판잉어사료가 잎스트루젼 공정을 거쳐 제조된다는 점을 고려할 때 이용가능한 에너지 함량계산에 직접 활용될 수는 없을 것이다.