• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.363-370
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• 2007

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in adiponectin gene has been associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study was performed to investigate the association of SNP 276G${\rightarrow}$T at adiponectin gene with CVD risk factors in Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. The subjects were 351 type 2 DM patients visited a DM clinic in Seoul, and the patients with known CVD were excluded. The adiponectin SNP 276G${\rightarrow}$T was analyzed and dietary intakes were assessed by a Food Frequency Questionnaire. The prevalence of G/G, G/T, and T/T genotype was 47.6%, 43.3%, and 9.1%, respectively. Male subjects with T/T genotype showed significantly lower level of adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol and significantly higher C-reactive protein (CRP) level compared to G/G and G/T genotypes. In G/G genotype, protein intake was negatively correlated to body weight, BMI, and waist circumference, and there were positive correlation between carbohydrate intake and BMI, waist-hip ratio, and ApoB/apoA-1 ratio in G/T genotype. However, in T/T genotype, there was no significant association between macronutrient intakes and anthropometric and hematological values. In conclusion, CVD risk would be high in type 2 DM patients with T/T genotype, and the association of macronutrient intakes with anthropometric and hematologic factors was different among the three adiponectin genotypes. These results may imply the need for different dietary management regime according to adiponectin genotype to lower CVD complications in Korean type 2 DM patients.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.398-401
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• 2005

The bacterial enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase catalyzes the first committed step of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, i.e., transfer of enolpyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate to UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine. We have overexpressed the enzyme from Haemophilus influenzae in Escherichia coli and crystallized it in the apo-form, as well as in a complex with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and fosfomycin using ammonium sulfate as the precipitant. X-ray diffraction data from a crystal of the apo-form were collected to $2.8{\AA}$ resolution at 293 K. The crystal quality was improved by co-crystallization with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and fosfomycin. X-ray data to $2.2{\AA}$ have been collected at 100 K from a flash-frozen crystal of the complex. The complex crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group I222 (or $I2_12_12_1$) with unit-cell parameters of a = 63.7, b = 124.5, and $c=126.3{\AA}$. Assuming a monomer of the recombinant enzyme in the crystallographic asymmetric unit, the calculated Matthews parameter ($V_M$) is $2.71{\AA}^3Da^{-1}$ and solvent content is 54.6%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.552-560
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• 1999

In this study, we investigated the effects of lowering the fat and cholesterol in the diets of 26 Korean hypercholesteolemic men($\geq$240mg/dl). They consumed 2378kcal/day with 20.9% of the energy deriving from fat, and a cholesterol intake of 282mg(118mg/1000kcal). The experimental diet consisted of 2400kcal, the same as their usual diet, but the fat content was restricted to 15%, and the cholesterol level to below 100mg/1000kcal. The subjects kept to this diet for four weeks and were asked to maintain their usual life activities during the experimental period. The dietary intake and levels of plasma lipid, lipoprotein-cholesterol and apoprotein of the subjects were analyzed before, two weeks into, and after four weeks dietary intervention. After two of the dietary intervention, there were no significant changes of plasma total cholesterol or triglyceride levels but there was some changes of phospholipid level. However, after four weeks, the levels of plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid had decreased significantly: 18.2%, 32.9%, and 11.9%, respectively. And the LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol levels also showed a marked reduction of 18.1%, and 33.0% respectively without change of HDL-cholesterol level. There were no changes in the levels of Apo-A 1, Apo-B, or Lp(a). The changes of the plasma lipid levels were significantly associated with the changes in dietary fat intake but not the cholesterol intake. In conclusion, although the responses to the dietary intervention varied among the individual subjects, the lowering of dietary fat component from 21% to 15% of energy intake seems to be an effective way to reduce plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels without decreasing HDL-cholesterol level. It was also found that the restriction of dietary cholesterol to below 100mg/1000kcal not seem to be effective for the hypercholesterolemic patient who already consuming below 300mg/day of cholesterol.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 1997

this study was conducted to examine the atherogenic effect of high cholesterol diet (experimental diet) that influences changes of lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism and arterial wall. Seven NewZealand white rabbits were fed control diet, an the other 7 rabbits 2% cholesterol diet for 10 weeks. Results obtained from this study are as follows: 1) High cholesterol diet resulted in a gradual increase of plasma total cholesterol level, reaching upto 1422 mg/dl at the seventh week. 2) CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) activity was significantly higher in high cholesterol group (64.9% at the 7th week) than control group (49.3% at the 7th week) during most of the experimental period except the 6th week. 3) The cholesterol supplementation induced fatty liver and a decrease of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activities (2.1 moles vs. 0.3nmoles) compared to control group. 4) Bands of apo B-100 and apo E in plasma lipoprotein were thicker in high cholesterol-fed animals tan control animals as visualized by SDS-PAGE. 5) Oxidizability of plasma lipoproteins measured in vitro was greater in high cholesterol group tan control group, but vitamin E level higher in control group. 6) he effect of cholesterol feeding for 10 weeks also led to early fatty streaks in aortic intima. High cholesterol feeding was atherogenic to rabbits, an this seems to be mediated through elevated CETP activities that regulate plasma HDL cholesterol level and decrease an efficiency of reverse cholesterol transport in lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism. The enhanced oxidizability of plasma lipoproteins and lowered vitamin E level may also contribute to the formation of faaty streaks in aorta of cholesterol-fed rabbits.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.1035-1042
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• 2002

본 연구는 나트륨 섭취수준이 혈중 지질과 혈당에 미치는 영향을 규명해보기 위하여 정상 성인 여성 20명을 대상으로 고나트륨식과 저나트륨식을 각각 6일씩 공급한 후 혈중 지질, 혈당 및 기타 혈액성상의 변화를 비교분석하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 연구대상자들의 평균연령은 22.9$\pm$2.5세였으며 평균 체중과 신장은 54.7$\pm$6.6kg과 160.0$\pm$4.8cm였고 수축기/이완기 혈압은 110.3$\pm$7.7/67.5$\pm$9.7 mm Hg로 정상범위에 속하였다. 나트륨 섭치수준에 따른 평균 체중의 변화는 고나트륨식이 54.7$\pm$6.4 kg으로 저나트륨식의 53.8$\pm$6.2 kg보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.001). 평균 신장은 고나트륨식과 저나트륨식간에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 이완기혈압은 고나트륨식(65.5$\pm$8.3 mmHg)보다 저나트륨식(60.8$\pm$8.6 mmHg) 이후 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 혈청 콜레스테롤,LDL-콜레스테롤,HDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 나트륨 섭취 수준에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 중성지질은 고나트륨식의 89.4$\pm$27.3 mg/dL보다 저나트륨식이시 73.8$\pm$12.5mg/dL로 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 혈청 아포 A-I은 고나트륨식의 183.7$\pm$32.7 mg/dL보다 저나트륨식에서 167.5$\pm$22.8 mg/dL로 유의적으로 감소하였으나(p<0.001), 아포 B는 고나트륨식의 83.3$\pm$13.9 mg/dL보다 저나트륨식에서 90.8$\pm$12.9 mg/dL로 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.001). 아포 A-I/B는 저나트륨식이 1.9$\pm$0.2로 2.2$\pm$0.3을 보인 고나트륨식보다 유의하게 낮았으나(p<0.001),AI(atherogenic index)는 나트륨 섭취수준에 의한 영향을 받지 않았다 혈액 응고시간으로 thrombin time과 Prothrombin time은 저나트륨식이 각각 9.6$\pm$1.1초, 11.6$\pm$0.7초로 나타나 고나트륨식의 11.3$\pm$1.3초, 12.0$\pm$0.4초보다 유의하게 빠른 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001, p<0.05). 나트륨 섭취수준에 따른 혈당 농도는 고나트륨식과 저나트륨식 간에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 인슐린 함량은 저나트륨식이 10.3$\pm$5.0 $\mu$IU/mL로 고나트륨식의 6.0$\pm$2.6$\mu$IU/mL보다 유의하게 높았다.(P<0.01). 이상의 결과를 종합할 때 저나트륨식에서 이완기 혈압, 혈청 중성지질, 아포A-1, 혈액 응고시간은 감소되었으나, 혈청 아포 B와 인슐린함량은 유의하게 증가되어 지속적인 저나트륨식 처방시 지질과 당질대사의 변화를 초래할 가능성이 있는 것으로 보여진다. 따라서 혈압 저하를 목적으로 하는 나트륨 제한식의 실시는 다양한 체내의 생화학적 변화를 고려해서 이루어져야 할 것이며, 앞으로 이에 대한 보다 다각적인 연구가 요구된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권11호
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• pp.1648-1657
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• 2014

기능성 수정과의 대량생산을 위하여 전통 수정과로부터 계피, 생강 및 설탕을 사용하는 수정과 레시피를 개발하고, 감미료인 stevia와 scFOS를 첨가하여 기능성 수정과 레시피를 개발하였다. 수정과 레시피 개발은 수정과의 특성에 대해 전문 교육을 받은 관능 평가원 10명(총 50회)이 참여하였다. 수정과와 기능성 수정과의 간지질 축적 억제 효과 및 관련 기전 연구를 위해 유전적으로 변형된 마우스에서 4주간 콜레스테롤 식이로 고콜레스테롤혈증(총 콜레스테롤 >1,000 mg/dL)을 유발한 후 6주간 수정과를 경구로 섭취시켰다. 수정과 섭취량은 한국인의 1일 음료 섭취량을 기준으로 산출하였다. 간의 중성지방 및 콜레스테롤 농도는 설탕물을 섭취한 대조군에서 물을 섭취한 정상대조군에 비해 31.4%, 21.2% 유의적으로 증가하였으며(P<0.05) 동일한 농도의 설탕을 함유한 수정과 섭취에 의해 중성지방 17.9%(P=0.044) 그리고 콜레스테롤 12.6%(P=0.027) 감소하여 수정과의 지질 저하 효과를 확인하였고, 이러한 수정과의 효과는 설탕 함량의 일부를 stevia와 scFOS로 대체한 기능성 수정과군에서 더욱 낮았다. 그러나 시판 수정과의 간지질 농도는 설탕물만 섭취한 대조군과 유사하여 지질 축적 억제 효과가 관찰되지 않았는데, 이는 낮은 생강, 계피 추출물의 양 때문으로 생각되었다. 수정과군들의 FAS, HMGCR 및 SREBP-1, 2의 단백질 발현은 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 낮았으며 특히 기능성 수정과의 효과가 매우 높았다. 이상의 결과를 살펴보면 수정과의 기능성은 계피, 생강 및 당 함량의 모든 요인이 함께 작용한 것으로 확인되었다. 동일 농도의 설탕을 사용하였을 때 계피 및 생강의 효과는 유의적이었으며, 계피와 생강의 농도를 동일하게 하고 설탕 함량의 일부를 stevia와 scFOS로 대체한 기능성 수정과의 효과는 설탕만 사용한 수정과에 비해 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 간지질 축적 및 관련 효소 및 전사인자의 발현을 억제하는 효과가 매우 높았다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.130-136
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• 2012

The GroEL heat-shock protein from Fusobacterium nucleatum, a periodontopathogen, activates risk factors for atherosclerosis in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and ApoE-/- mice. In this study, we analyzed the signaling pathways by which F. nucleatum GroEL induces the proinflammatory factors in HMEC-1 cells known to be risk factors associated with the development of atherosclerosis and identified the cellular receptor used by GroEL. The MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathways were found to be activated by GroEL to induce the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, and tissue factor (TF). These effects were inhibited by a TLR4 knockdown. Our results thus indicate that TLR4 is a key receptor that mediates the interaction of F. nucleatum GroEL with HMEC-1 cells and subsequently induces an inflammatory response via the MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ pathways.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1481-1497
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between serum lipid profiles, apolipoprotein E phenotype, and dietary patterns in a cross-section of healthy individuals from Cheju-Do. Age, gender, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, dietary consumption, drinking / smoking habits and menopausal status were surveyed. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose, and insulin levels were measured from overnight fasting blood. The study involved a total of 286 individuals(147 men and 139 women) between the ages of 20 and 60 years old. All of the subjects were recruited from a population of healthy individuals living in Cheju-Do. The results of the study are as follows : 1) Among the males, those in their 20's had the maximum food intake, while those in their 40's had the minimum food intake. For the females, food intake was the highest for those in their 30's. Energy and nutrient intakes were directly proportional to the amount of food intake. Men in their 30's were heavier than other men and women in their 40's were heavier than other women. The activity index for men in their 20's and 30's appeared to be lower than that of men above 40. The activity index of women in their 20's appeared to be lowest among all aged groups, and the index appeared to increase from the age of 30 onwards. 2) In terms of changes In serum constituents with age, men in their 40's appeared to have the highest levels of serum constituents such as lipids, glucose, and insulin. Men in their 50's showed the highest levels of serum LDL-cholesterol and glucose. Men in their 30's showed peak levels of serum triglycerides. On the other hand, women in their 50's appeared to have peak levels of serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides. There was no ch:ange with age in HDL-cholesterol and insulin levels for men and women. The percentage of the subjects had the following apo E phenotypes : E3/3, 91.3% ; E3/2, 5.4% ; E4/3, 2.5% ; E4/2, 0.7%. Lee's reserch with Korean female college students showed that the percentage of ApoE3/3, E3/2, E 4/2, E4/3, and E4/4 were 84.8%, 6.7%, 6.7%, 0.9%, 0.9%, respectively. The number of samples with ApoE mutation was so small that there was no statistical significance in the relation between apolipoprotein E phenotype and se겨m lipids. 3) To investigate the relati onship between weight and serum constituents, the subjects of this study were divided into three groups by BMI underweight, normal weight, and overweight. The serum constituents of men and women below the age 40 in the overweight groups belonged to the normal domain. On the other hand, serum cholesterol levels of both men and women above the age 40 in the overweight groups remained in the borderline-high region(above 200mg/dl), and the mean value of LDL-cholesterol(above 130mg/dl) and triglycerides of men were above normal. Fasting blood glucose levels also remained in the borderline-high region. Total cholesterol levels of women above the age 40 in the overweight group was in the borderline-high region. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1481-1497, 1998)

• KSBB Journal
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.517-521
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 절대적 호기성인 Vitreoscilla가 지닌 FeSOD의 특성을 밝히고자 paraquat와 iron을 사용하여 실험하였다. Vitreoscilla에서 FeSOD의 활성도는 초산화 음이온을 생성하는 paraquat에 대해 커다란 영향 없이 일정하게 발현되었다. 이 결과는 Vitreoscilla는 호기적인 물질대사 동안 생성되어지는 초산화 음이온에 대해 방어할 수 있을 만큼 충분한 FeSOD를 평상시 지니고 있음을 의미한다. 또한 다른 요소에 의한 FeSOD의 발현 가능성이 고려되어졌다. 보조 인자인 Fe 를 처리한 결과 활성도가 증가됨을 알 수 있었다. 이는 CN-resistant respiration을 증가시키는 초산화 음이온에 대한 조절 기작과는 달리 apoenzyme 상태가 보조 인자인 금속 이온 (Fe)에 의해 holoenzyme 상태로 전환되었음을 의미한다. PQ와 Fe를 함께 처리하였을 경우, FeSOD의 증가는 PQ에 의해서 생성된 초산화 음이온에 의해 apo 상태에서 hole 상태로 FeSOD의 활성이 증진되는 synergism effect로 설명되어진다. 결론적으로 metalloenzyme인 SOD의 경우는 이런 전환이 활성 속도를 제한하거나 조절할 수도 있는 posttranslational 수준의 조절 기작이 존재함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.337-346
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• 2013

This study is a basic study on the development of functional substances involved in obesity prevention, lipid metabolism, and immune regulation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks. Allium monanthum extracts (AME) were administered orally to obesity-induced rats, and their lipid-lowering, antioxidative and various types of biological effects related to the immune system were examined. Blood free fatty acid and triglyceride concentrations decreased as the dose of AME increased. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations in the blood decreased as the dose of AME increased. The total cholesterol concentrations in the liver of the AME-treated groups were lower than the control group. The thiobarbituric acid reactive concentrations were lower in the plasma and liver of all AME-treated groups than the control group. Plasma AST and ALT activities did not show any significant differences among the treatment groups. IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 concentrations in the liver tended to decrease as the dose of AME increased. TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-10 concentrations did now show any significant differences compared to the control group. Lower expression levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, Apo-B and Apo-E genes were found in the AME-treated groups. Taken together, these results indicate that AME may show positive effects in lipid lowering, antioxidation and anti-inflammation.