• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.129-135
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• 2008

Paraquat (1,1-dimethyl 4,4' -dipyridium dichloride; PQ) is a kind of herbicide. Terminalia chebulae (TC) has been used as a medicine in China and in Korea for treating illnesses such as diarrhea, collapsed anus, spasmodic, diphtheria, asthma etc.. This study was to examin new physiological activities of methanol extract of TC (TCM) on the toxicity of PQ. It was observed biochemical effects on the toxicity of PQ in kidney and lung tissues after treatment orally administered 100, 200, 300 mg/kg of TCM daily for two weeks. In the experiment related to the toxicity of PQ, we got following results: renal and pulmonary lipid peroxide contents, activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase, aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase were significantly increased in control group as compared with normal group, in the treatment of TCM the values were decreased as compared with control group. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase which are free radical scavenging enzymes were also increased in control group as compared with normal goup, but were decreased in TCM group as compared with control group. Collagen content and glucose-6-phosphatase activity in lung tissue were increased in control group as compared with normal, but was decreased in TCM group as compared with control group. From these results, we concluded that TCM can playa role as an effective agent to decrease toxicity of PQ.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.267-273
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• 2014

This research has carried out to make a data base of taxonomic research. That Data base explains about spawning behavior, egg development, and morphologic development of variable sabretooth blenny. Fertilized egg was demersal egg which is white and opaque. The number of oil glouble were 10~11, and the size of egg was 0.90~1.43 mm (average rate $1.11{\pm}0.23mm$, n=10). Breeding water temperature was $25.5{\sim}28.5^{\circ}C$ (average rate $27.0^{\circ}C$), and salinity was 32.5~33.5‰ (average rate 33.0‰). After 24 hours from 2 cells, the process of egg development was reached to Blastula stage. Moreover, after 330 hours from 2 cells, nostrils and eyes were formed. Egg membrane was pierced by the head, and the hatch began. After the hatch, postlarvae had 2.59~3.02 mm (average rate $2.81{\pm}0.25mm$, n=5) of whole length, and the mouth and anus were opened. Yolk sac and oil glouble were absorbed. After three days from hatch, prelarvae were 3.02~3.07mm(average rate $3.04{\pm}0.04mm$) of whole length, and caudal fin was grown with round shape. After 13 days from hatch, prelarvae had 3.04~3.20 mm (average rate $3.12{\pm}0.11mm$) of whole length, and they could eat food with upper jaw and bottom jaw.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to evaluate the posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) as a re-do operation in patients who failed initial repair of anorectal malformation. Nine patients (4 boys and 5 girls) who had previous failed surgery for anorectal malformation underwent secondary operations through posterior sagittal approach. The main reasons of surgery were constipation (n=3) and persistent anatomical derangement in spite of previous correction surgery (n=6). In addition to constipation, the former group (n=3) had various anatomical defects, and the latter group (n=6), of course, had constipation in some degrees. Patients ranged in age from 2 to 19 years (median 3 years) with only one over the age of 6 years. The primary procedures included PSARP (n=8) and anoplasty (n=1). The rectum was mobilized from surrounding structures through posterior sagittal approach and anatomical defects were corrected. The rectum underwent reconstruction, which involved relocation of the rectum and anus within the limits of the intact muscle complex. Patients underwent follow-up for periods ranging from 6 to 77 months (mean 37 months) after surgery. Anatomical corrections of all the defects were successfully fulfilled in 9 patients. All the patients were satisfied with the functional results after redo-PSARP compared with the preoperative defecatory function. This study suggests that (1) some of the patients with troublesome constipation may have anatomical defects, prominent or hidden, (2) surgeons should suspect the possibility of anatomical defect as the cause of incontinence and (3) preoperative thorough investigation to reveal the anatomical defects should be included in estimating patients with severe incontinence after previous surgery and planning the correction for failed previous surgery as well.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 1999

From January 1997 to May, the red marbled rockfish, Sebastiscus tertius (Barsukov et Chen) was reared in the laboratory, and observed the morphological characteristies of egg and development of larvae and juveniles. The egg is spherical in shape colorless and transparent, measuring 0.72~0.80mm in diameter (mean 0.75mm, n=50). The naturally bearing larvae were 3.79~3.97mm in total length with 7~8＋15~16=22~24 myomeres, and mouth and anus were open. Melanophores were present on the yolk of the larva and ventral margins of the tail. The 1~2 days after bearing larvae measured 3.90~4.13mm in total length, and transformed to postlarval stage, and yolk sac were completely resorbed. On the lower jaw melanophores were present. Total length of the larvae was 4.23~4.60mm in total length (11 days after bearing), number of elongated pectoral fin rays was 9~10, and melanophores distributed on the top of head, around the intestine tube, ventral margins of the tail and on the pectoral fin. In 21 days after bearing, the larva were 5.83~7.10mm in total length, and the caudal notochord flex $45^{\circ}$. Individuals of 9.80~12.36mm in total length (33 days after bearing) are regarded to have reached to the juvenile stage with all the fins were developed.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.108-114
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• 2013

Objectives This study was aimed to review a standardized method of retention enema by extracting elements associated with methods of retention enema from papers involved. Methods 1) Data sources : Retrieval was made, using 'Enema' or 'Retention Enema' as search words in MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, KISS, RISS, and NDSL DB. 2) Study selection : Two authors excluded irrelevant papers and chose qualified abstracts in the rest of the papers. The chosen studies were reviewed fully by the authors so that they could screen the significant papers based on the exclusion criteria. 3) Data extraction : Data on the total number of subjects, the target disease, the type, quality, length, diameter of catheter, the insertion length of catheter, the sample, the sample volume, the process of retention enema and the number of performing retention enema were extracted from the selected studies. Results & Conclusions The retention enema can be applied to gastrointestinal diseases, genitourinary diseases, metabolic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes, headaches and neurological disorders. The standardized treatment method is as following: 1) inserting a rental tube of 18-28 Fr that measures 20 to 30 cm into the patient's anus, 2) injecting herbal medicines which have purgative action or benefit on stomach and intestinal tract at the rate of 4 ml/min, and 3) holding them for 10 to 15 minutes.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.200-207
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• 2013

We investigated developmental stages of egg and early life history of the Korean indigenous fish, Korean Chub Zacco koreanus from the South Han River in 2011 for phylogenetic study and conservation of this species. Eggs of Zacco koreanus were artificially fertilized by the dry method in the laboratory. The fertilized eggs were demersal, almost spherical in shape, transparent and unpigmented, with a pale yellow yolk, and no oil globule and average $3.09{\pm}0.07$ mm (n=10) in diameter. The hatching of the embryo took place in about 68 hrs after fertilization under water temperature of $20.0{\sim}23.0^{\circ}C$ and the newly hatched larvae were average $10.30{\pm}0.40$ mm (n=10) in total length (TL). Six days after hatching, the larvae grew up to $16.12{\pm}0.42$ mm (n=8) in TL and york sac absorption, mouth and anus opening were shown postflexion larvae stage. 17 days after hatching, most of fin-rays appeared at $18.21{\pm}0.38$ mm (n=6) in TL and brown spot appeared on the abdomen. 27 days after hatching, the larvae were brought up to $20.01{\pm}1.12$ mm(n=5) in TL and all their fin-rays were formed. 120 days after hatching, the larvae (juvenile) were $23.29{\pm}3.12$ mm (n=10) in TL and their body shape and color pattern were similar to the adult fish.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 2006

Streptococcosis of olive flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus) is an important bacterial disease in Jeju island. In this study, we investigated monthly infection pattern of this disease in different size of the flounder fish. Even though the disease occurred throughout the year, the infection ratio was relatively higher in the months with warm water season. The infection was more prevalent in adult flounder over 30 cm total length compare to these of small size fish. Two infectious species of streptococcosis pathogens were detected by multiplex PCR assay. Detection ratios of Streptococcus iniae and S. parauberis reached up to 46% and 54%, respectively, from June 2003 to May 2005 in Jeju island. S. iniae occurred intensively from September to October, whereas S. parauberis reported from March to May. S. iniae and S. parauberis infections of cultured flounder share some common features, but clinical findings showed considerable differences between two diseases. Distended abdomen, protruded anus and ascitic fluid in the peritoneal cavity are evident lesions detected in S. iniae infection, whereas, flounders infected by S. parauberis showed prominent lesions such as darkened surface and haemorrhaging in the non-ocular side. Both streptococcosis pathogens were sensitive to antibiotics, such as ampicillin and amoxicillin. However, S. iniae strains were more sensitive to doxycycline, erythromycin and oxytetracycline than S. parauberis strains.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.350-360
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• 2008

In every large hospital, nurses must perform simple repetitive tasks such as measuring body temperature. Such tedious work reduces nurses' motivation to provide quality medical care, which is an important element of the medical services provided by a hospital. If a device were available to measure body temperature, nurses could focus on the more important aspects of providing quality medical care to the patients. However, body temperature is generally measured from the throat, anus, tympanum or armpit, where it is difficult to affix a patch type device. In addition, general body temperature measuring points shows moving artifact error; therefore, it is not good point to continually measure the temperature. In this paper, a patch type skin temperature measuring system was developed. To appropriately measure the skin temperature, a thermal transducer was implemented with a thin (0.5 mm) temperature sensor. The system is small and thin ($H6.6{\sim}5.3{\times}L35{\times}W24\;mm$), and weighs only 5 g including a battery, case and circuit; therefore, it is small and light enough to function as a patch type device. Moreover, the system worked for 5 days. To investigate differences between the experimental and conventional thermometer, simple clinical experiments were performed with 17 volunteers, and the result showed some correlation between the implemented system and conventional thermometer (Correlation coefficient = 0.647, P<0.1).

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.831-834
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• 2010

Purpose: Congenital absence of the vagina is a rare case. It occurs as a result of Mullerian duct aplasia or complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. The reconstructive modality includes skin graft, use of intestine and various methods of flap. We report a patient who underwent vulvoperineal fasciocutaneous flap to reconstruct congenital absence of the vagina, while the external genitalia and ovaries are normal. Methods: A 26-year-old woman presented with vaginal agenesis. Under general anesthesia, a U-shaped incision was made between the urethral meatus and the anus. The new vaginal pocket was created up to the level of the peritoneal reflection between the urinary structures and the rectum. Next, the vulvoperineal fasciocutaneous flaps were designed in a rectangular fashion. Flap elevation was begun at the lateral margin which the adductor longus fascia was incised and elevated, and the superficial perineal neurovascular pedicle was invested by the fascial layer. The medial border was then elevated. A subcutaneous tunnel was created beneath the inferior of the labia to rotate the flaps. The left vulvoperineal flap was rotated counterclockwise and the right was rotated clockwise. The neovaginal pouch was formed by approximating the medial and lateral borders. The tubed neovagina was then transposed into the cavity. Results: In 3 weeks, the vaginal canal remained supple After 6 weeks, the physical examination showed normalappearing labia majora and perineum with an adequate vaginal depth. A year after the operation, the patient had a 7 cm vagina of sufficient width with no evidence of contractures nor fibrous scar formation. The patient was sexually active without difficulty. Conclusion: Although many methods were described for reconstruction of vaginal absence, there is not a method yet to be approved as a perfect solution. We used the vulvoperineal fasciocutaneous flap to reconstruct a neovagina. This method had a following merits: a single-stage procedure, excellent flap reliability, the potential for normal function, minimal donor site morbidity and no need for subsequent dilatation, stents, or obturators. We thought that this operation has a good anatomic and functional results for reconstruction of the vagina.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.368-379
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the dosimetric difference between simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy (SIB-IMRT) and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), and the clinical outcomes of anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) chemoradiotherapy featuring SIB-IMRT. Materials and Methods: This study included ten patients with ASCC who underwent chemoradiotherapy using SIB-IMRT with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C. SIB-IMRT delivered 54 Gy to each primary tumor plus metastatic lymph nodes and 45 Gy to regional lymph nodes, in 30 fractions. Four patients received additional boosts to the primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes; the median total dose was 54 Gy (range, 54 to 60 Gy). We additionally created 3DCRT plans following the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9811 protocol to allow dosimetric comparisons with SIB-IMRT. Locoregional control, overall survival, and toxicity were calculated for the clinical outcome evaluation. Results: Compared to 3DCRT, SIB-IMRT significantly reduced doses to the external genitalia, bladder, and intestine, delivering the doses to target and elective nodal region. At a median follow-up time of 46 months, 3-year locoregional control and overall survival rates were 88.9% and 100%, respectively. Acute toxicities were treated conservatively. All patients completed radiotherapy with brief interruptions (range, 0 to 2 days). No patient experienced ${\geq}grade$ 3 late toxicity during the follow-up period. Conclusion: The dosimetric advantages of SIB-IMRT appeared to reduce the toxicity of chemoradiotherapy for ASCC achieving high locoregional control in the extended period.