• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 1999

In order to find less toxic antiviral agents from basidiomycetes, EA, the water soluble substance, was prepared from the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata (Pers.) Karst. EA was examined for antiviral activity against five strains of pathogenic viruses such as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) Indiana and New Jersey strains, influenza A virus (Flu A), and varicella zoster virus (VZV) in vitro. Antiviral activity was evaluated by plaque reduction assay. Among five strains of viruses tested, EA exhibited the most potent antiviral activity against VSV Indiana strain with 50% effective concentration $(EC_{50})$ of 0.104 mg/ml in Vero cells, and its selectivity index (SI) was 36.5. EA was also examined for the virucidal activity, antiviral activity in preincubation on VSV Indiana strain in order to examine possible mode of antiviral activity. Preincubation of Vero cells with EA did not confer protection against VSV, however, prolonged exposure of cells to EA inhibited the replication of virus dose-dependently. In virucidal activity, the titer of infectious virus did not decrease significantly.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.244-249
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• 1999

In order to find less toxic antiviral agents from Basidiomycetes, EA, the water soluble substance, was prepared from the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata(Pers.) Karst. Antiviral activity of EA against vesicular stomatitis virus [Indiana serotype, VSV(IND)] was examined in Vero cells using plaque reduction assay in vitro. And the combined antiviral effects of EA with interferon (IFN) alpha or gamma were examined on the multiplication of VSV(IND). EA caused a concentration-dependent reduction in the plaque formation of VSV(IND) with 50% effective concentration $(EC_{50})$ of $104.02\;{\mu}g/ml$. The results of combination assay were evaluated by the combination index (CI) that was analysed by the multiple drug effect analysis. All cases of the combination of EA with IFN alpha or IFN gamma showed potent synergism with CI values of $0.38{\sim}0.52$ for $50{\sim}90%$ effective levels.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.96-101
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• 2010

Norovirus, which causes gastroenteritis in humans, is an important food-borne pathogen worldwide. In an effort to discover an antiviral substance against norovirus, extracts from several seaweeds were evaluated for antiviral activity against feline calicivirus (FCV), which was used as a surrogate. The methanolic extract of Undaria pinnatifida exhibited the most significant antiviral activity and virucidal efficacy against FCV. The concentrations of the extract that reduced viral replication by 50% ($EC_{50}$) and resulted in the death of 50% of the host cells ($CC_{50}$) were 0.05 mg/mL and 1.02 mg/mL, respectively. The selectivity index, calculated from the ratio of the $CC_{50}$ and $EC_{50}$ was 20.4. No FCV infection of host cells occurred following a 1-h incubation in the presence of 12.50 mg/mL U. pinnatifida extract, indicating that the virus was completely inactivated by the extract treatment. The results obtained in this study will contribute to the development of a natural antiviral substance that will prevent food-borne disease caused by norovirus.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.464-468
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• 1999

In order to find less toxic antiviral agents from basidiomycetes, EA, the water soluble substance, was isolated from the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata (Pers.) Karst. Anti-encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus activity of EA was examined in Vero cells by plaque reduction assay in vitro. And the combined antiviral effects of EA with interferon (IFN) alpha and gamma were examined on the multiplication of EMC virus. EA exhibited a concentration-dependent reduction in the plaque formation of EMC virus with 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) of 2.12 mg/ml. The results of combination assay were evaluated by the combination index (CI) that was analysed by the multiple drug effect analysis. The combination of EA with IFN alpha showed potent synergism with CI values of 0.40~0.60 for 50%, 70% and 90% effective levels, but that with IFN gamma showed antagonism with CI values of 2.16~2.83.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.120-125
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• 2019

In this paper, we have isolated six phenolic compounds, such as (+)-catechin (1), taxifolin (2), taxifolin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-(+)-xylose (3), quercetin (4), quercetin-3-O-${\alpha}$-L(+)-rhamnose (quercitrin) (5), apigenin-8-C-rhamnosyl-(1'''${\rightarrow}$2'')-glucoside (2''-O-rhamnosylvitexin) (6) from the EtOAc(Ethyl Acetate) and $H_2O$ soluble fractions of Japanese anise(Illicium anisatum L) leaves and twigs. Also, we have evaluated antioxidative and antiviral activity for each isolated compound. The antioxidative test was DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. According to the experimental results, all of the isolated compounds indicated the increased radical scavenging activities as the concentration increases and most of the isolated compounds indicated generally good antioxidative values compare to the controls, ascorbic acid and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. In the antiviral activities, all of the isolated compounds had no potentials in rhinovirus 1B (HRV 1B). But in enterovirus 71 (EV 71) and Influenza virus A/PR/8 (Influenza PR8), only quercetin (4) indicated the good antiviral activity compare to the control. Based on the above results, we found that the phenolic compounds of Japanese anise may be applied for one of the natural biomass sources that can be used as an antioxidant and an antiviral substance.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.2 s.89
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• pp.175-179
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• 1999

In order to find less toxic antiviral agents from Basidiomycetes, EA, the water soluble substance, was prepared from the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata (Pers.) Karst. Antiviral activity of EA against vesicular stomatitis virus [New Jersey serotype, VSV(NJ)] was examined in Vero cells using plaque reduction assay in vitro. And the combined antiviral effects of EA with interferon (IFN) alpha and gamma were examined on the multiplication of VSV(NJ). EA caused a concentration-dependent reduction in the plaque formation of VSV(NJ) with 50% effective concentration $(EC_{50})$ of 2.10 mg/ml. The results of combination assay were evaluated by the combination index (CI) that was analysed by the multiple drug effect analysis. The combination of EA with IFN alpha showed more potent effect with CI values of $0.87{\sim}1.59$ for 50%, 70% and 90% effective levels than that with INF gamma with CI values of $1.05{\sim}2.03$.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 1997

In the screening of antiviral materials produced by actinomycetes, an isolate named B25 was fond to produce an antibiotic substance ASA, which showed a strong inhibitory activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. ASA was purified from culture broth of B25 by silica gel column chromatography, preparative TLC, and reversed phase HPLC. Also MS, IR, UV spectrum, and melting point of ASA were determined and analysed. ASA was white powder soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, having absorption peaks at 223 and 328 nm in UV-VIS spectrum, and had a molecular weight of 548. ASA showed strong inhibitory effect on TMV infection when it was applied as a mixture of TMV to the upper surface of leaves of a local lesion host (Nicotiana tabacum c. Xanthi-nc). It also showed antimicrobial effect against yeast and some phytopathogenic fungi.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.74-78
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• 2001

A preparation of water soluble components (EA) was made from carpophores of Elfvingia applanata (Pers.) Karst and its in vitro antiviral activity on vesicular stomatitis virus [(Indiana serotype, VSV(IND)] was investigated by plaque reduction assay. EA exhibited potent antiviral activity on VSV(IND) growth and negligible cytotoxicity on Vero cells, 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}C$/) of 104$ug\textrm\/ml$ and 50% cytotoxic concentration ($CC_{50}C$) of 3,793$ug\textrm\/ml$, respectively. Selectivity index (Sl $CC_{50}C$/$EC_{50}C$) of EA on Vero cell and VSV(IND) was about 36.5. EA did not display either a direct virucidal effect on V5V(IND) or induction of antiviral substance by Vero cells upon its treatment. Thus, the mode of antiviral activity of EA was studied at steps of viral adsorption onto cell. When both EA and virus were added to cell monolayers, titer of cell-free virus in culture supernatant increased in ca. 30-40% compared with that of control group and titer of cell-associated virus was 60-100% higher than that of control group. These results suggested that antiviral activity of EA on VSV(IND) might be due to the hindrance of viral entry to cells at eITher endocytosis or loss of envelope.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 1999

To investigate less toxic antiviral agents from Basidiomycetes, EA, the water soluble substance, was isolated from the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata (pers.) Karst. Anti-varicella zoster virus (Oka strain; anti-VZV/Oka) activity of EA was examined in MRC-5 cells by plaque reduction assay in vitro. And the combined antiviral effects of EA with nucleoside anti-VZV agents, acyclovir and vidarabine, were examined on the multiplication of VZV/Oka. EA exhibited a concentration-dependent reduction in the plaque formation of VZV/Oka with a 50% effective concentration $(EC_{50})$ of $464.14\;{\mu}g/ml$. The results of combination assay were evaluated by the combination index (CI) that was calculated by the multiple drug effect analysis. The combination of EA with acyclovir showed more potent synergism with CI values of $0.18{\sim}0.62$ for $50{\sim}90%$ effective levels than that of EA with vidarabine with CI values of $0.67{\sim}1.04$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.928-933
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• 2009

In an effort to discover an antiviral substance against noroviruse (NV), which causes gastroenteritis illness world-wide, several plants including spices and herbs were evaluated for their antiviral activities against feline calicivirus (FCV) as a surrogate for NV. Among them, methanolic extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) exhibited significant antiviral activity against FCV. After treatment with green tea extract (3.13 mg/ml) for 1 hr, FCV was completely inactivated. The antiviral activity of green tea extract against FCV was also determined to be dose and time- dependent. The results obtained in this study suggested that green tea will be effective in the prevention of food-borne diseases caused by NV.