• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.337-343
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• 1998

In order to develop antimicrobial substances, many kinds of medicinal herbs were extracted with absolute ethanol and then antimicrobial activities against various microorganisms were investigated. Ethanol extract from cinnamon bark showed the strongest antimicrobial activity on the growth of almost all submitted microorganisms. Specially, molds such as Aspergillus sp. and Pencillium sp. were inhibited strongly. Therefore, the crude antimicrobial substance from the ethanol extract was fractionated with various solvents such as n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butyl alcohol and then their antimicrobial activities were tested. Among the various solvent fractions from the ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction was the best in antimicrobial activity especially against molds. There were no significant changes in antimicrobial activity of the n-hexane fraction by heat treatment at $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min or $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min and by the change of pH 4.0~10.0. We could get the results that the n-hexane fraction of cinnamon bark extract showed not only antimutagenicity but also no mutagenicity by Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.151-167
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• 2000

Objective : The aim of this study is to determine the antimutagenic effect and genetic safety of Buthus martensi Karsch aqua-acupuncture solution(BMKAS) against various chemical carcinogens. Method : Ames(Salmonella typhimurium) test and Rec assay(Bacillus subtilis) were used as indicators for DNA damage and antimutagenesis. Furthermore, the levels of umu operon expression by measuring the ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity wete monitored with the SOS umu test using S. typhimurium 1535 containing plasmid pSK1002. And the host-mediated assay was used to investigate the mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of BMKAS inducing various chemical carcinogens after the activation with in vivo metabolic systems. Results : From the results, BMKAS did not atfect DNA of S. typhimurium and B. subtilis strains and showed no mutagenicity at the all concentrations of tested solution. Furthermore BMKAS dose-dependently protected the mutagenecity by AF-2, 2-AA and B[a]P. These phenomena was also similar to that after metabolic activation of BMKAS in in vivo system. Conclusion : These results suggested that BMKAS did not show the mutagenicity and protected the mutagenesis against various chemical carcinogens by four different methods used in this study.

• BMB Reports
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.78-81
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• 2003

The prevention of cancer is one of the most important public health and medical practices of the $21^{st}$ century. We have made much progress in this new emerging field, but so much remains to be accomplished before widespread use and practice become common place. Cancer chemoprevention encompasses the concepts of inhibition, reversal, and retardation of the cancer process. This process, called carcinogenesis, requires 20-40 years to reach the endpoint called invasive cancer. It typically follows multiple, diverse and complex pathways in a stochastic process of clonal evolution. These pathways appear amenable to inhibition, reversal or retardation at various points. We must therefore identify key pathways in the evolution of the cancer cell that can be exploited to prevent this carcinogenesis process. Basic research is identifying many genetic lesions and epigenetic processes associated with the progression of precancer to invasive disease. Many of these early precancerous lesions favor cell division over quiescence and protect cells against apoptosis when signals are present. Many oncogenes are active during early development and are reactivated in adulthood by aberrant gene promoting errors. Normal regulatory genes are mutated, making them insensitive to normal regulatory signals. Tumor suppressor genes are deleted or mutated rendering them inactive. Thus there is a wide range of defects in cellular machinery which can lead to evolution of the cancer phenotype. Mistakes may not have to appear in a certain order for cells to progress along the cancer pathway. To conquer this diverse disease, we must attack multiple key pathways at once for a predetermined period of time. Thus, agent combination prevention strategies are essential to decrease cancer morbidity. Furthermore, each cancer type may require custom combination of prevention strategies to be successful.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.745-750
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• 1998

The antimutagenic and antigenotoxic effects of ethanol, methanol, water and non-heating ethanol extract of Ligularia fischeri were investigated using Ames test and micronucleus test. Four solvent extracts by themseleves did not induce mutagenesis. The four extract of 200㎍/plate showed approximately 84.7%, 77.1%, 72.5% and 71% inhibitory effect on the mutagenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) and 67.9%, 66.8%, 64.6% and 56% inhibition on the mutagenesis by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4NQO) against TA100 strain, whereas 70.2%, 60.9%, 61.9% and 52.8% inhibitions were observed on the mutagenesis induced by 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol(Trp-P-1) in the presence of 200㎍/plate. TA100 strain was more sensitive than TA98 strain by four kinds of extracts on antimutagenesis. The effects of Ligularia fischeri extracts on the frequencies of micronucleated poly chromatic erythrocytes(MNPECs) induced by MNNG were investigated in the bone marrow. Ten, 20, 40 and 80mg g/kg of each extract were administered to animals immediately after injection of MNNG and the exposure time was 36 hours. Inhibitory effects of Ligularia fischeri ethanol extracts were 12%, 35.3%, 58.8%, and 57%, in the presence of 20, 40, 60 and 80mg/kg, respectively whereas methanol extracts showed 15.5%, 32.7%, 50.8%, and 57.9% inhibitory effects, respectively. Both extracts showed enhanced antimutagenic and antigenotoxic effects. These results showed a good correlation between antimutagenic effects in in vitro and in in vitro assay.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.599-606
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• 1999

Water extracts of persimmon leaf tea(PLTE), green tea(GTE) and oolong tea(OTE), at the con centration used for human consumption, were examined for inhibitory effects on the mutagenicity of major classes of dietary and environmental mutagens including indirect acting mutagens, B[ ]P (benzo[ ]pyrene), IQ(2 amino 3 methylimidazo[4,5 f]quinoline), 2 AA(2 aminoanthracene) in the presence of S9 mix and direct acting mutagen, 4 NQO(4 nitroquinoline 1 oxide) without S9 mix, using the modified Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. PLTE, GTE and OTE showed very potent and concentration dependent antimutagenic effects against indirect acting mutagens B[ ]P and IQ. At the maximum concentration(16,200 g/plate) of each tea extract, number of colonies decreased in a dose dependent manner up to 82~100%. Similar inhibition of PLTE, GTE and OTE were seen at higher concentration in the mutagenicity of the 2 AA following an initial increase in the activity at lower concentration. However, the mutagenicity of the direct acting mutagen 4 NQO were not suppressed at lower concentration of the three tea extracts, and higher concentration of the tea extracts enhanced mutagenic activity of the mutagen. There were no differences in the mode of antimutagenesis between PLTE, GTE, and OTE, in both Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains against the same mutagen. In conclusion, the water extracts of persimmon leaf tea, green tea and oolong tea possess marked antimutagenic potential against a variety of important dietary and environmental indirect acting mutagens, but the activity was not observed against the direct acting mutagens. These results suggest that the mode of inhibitory action may not have resulted from direct interaction between tea extracts and the mutagens, but rather from indirect metabolic inactivation of mutagens by tea extracts.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.232-235
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• 1997

This study was investigated to determine antimutagenic effects of enzymatic browning reaction products (PEBRPs) obtained by reaction of polyphenol compouns with oxidase extracted from potato. Catechol (Ca) PEBRPs showed the strongeest inhibitor effects with 90% inhibition on benzo-($\alpha$)-pyrene(B($\alpha$)P) induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, but he least with40% inhibition on the 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) induced mutagenesis in TA98. The strong antimutagenic activities with 80% inhibition were observed in the presence of 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate of hydroquinone(HQ)-PEBRP on the B($\alpha$)P or 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole(Trp-P-1) induced mutagenesis in TA98, whereas HQ-PEBRP showed the least antimutagenic effect on 2-AF-induced mutagenesis. The addition of 100$\mu\textrm{g}$ hydroxyhydroquinone(HHQ)-PEBRP to the plate led to approximately 82% inhibitory effects on 2-AF or Trp-P-1 induced mutagenesis in TA98, whereas the least antimutagenicity was obsrved in the4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide(4-NQO) induced mutagenesis in the presence of 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate of HHQ-PEBRP. More than 80% inhibiton were observed in the presence of 200$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate of Pyrogalol(Py)-PEBRP on the B($\alpha$)P or Trp-P-1 induced mutagenesis in TA98, but the least with 38% inhibition on 4-NQO induced mutagenesis in TA98. The results indicate that enzymatic browing reaction products of potato have a strong modulatory effect on mutagen induced mutagenesis in TA98.