• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.215-222
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• 1991

The absorption characteristics of itraconazole, which is an antifungal agent, from intestinal segments in the anesthetized rat i1l situ were investigated in order to design an effective oral drug delivery system. The pH-solubility profile of itraconazole, the rate and extent of absorption of itraconazole, the optimal absorption site(s) of itraconazole and the absorption enhancing effect of sodium cholate on itraconazole were examined in the present study. In situ single-pass perfusion method and recirculating perfusion technique using duodenum(D), jejunum(J) and ileum(I) were employed for the calculation of apparent permeability(Pe) and apparent first-order rate constant(Kobs). respectively. The results of this study were as follows; (1) Itraconazole showed appreciable aqueous solubility only at pH values of below 2.0. (2) pe(cm/sec) decreased in the following order: $D(10.24{\pm}1.78{\times}10^{-4})>J(8.86{\pm}0.79{\times}10^{-4})>I(3.78{\pm}0.13 X 10^{-4})$. (3) $Kobs(min^{-1})$ decreased in the following order: $J(17.12{\pm}3.19{\times}10^{-3})>D(13.37{\pm}0.6{\times}10^{-3})>I(11.05{\pm}0.91{\times}10^{-3})$. (4) The solubility of itraconazole markedly increased with the increase of the concentration of sodium cholate. (5) The addition of 10 mM sodium cholate significantly increased the apparent first-order rate constant of itraconazole in the ileum by a factor of 6.8.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.68-77
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• 2011

Fifty five species of medicinal plant materials were tested for their antifungal activity in vitro against Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-1 and Trichoderma harzianum to select plant species that can be used to improve the biocontrol efficacy of T. harzianum. Six species were effective against R. solani AG 2-1 but were also antagonistic to T. harzianum, except for Cinnamomum loureirii stem bark (CSB). CSB inhibited mycelial growth of R. solani AG 2-1 by 73.7% but showed an inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of T. harzianum by only 2.2%. Scanning electron microscophs showed that the CSB treatment resulted in deformed R. solani AG 2-1 hyphal cells, and transmission electron microscophs revealed degenerated cell structures such as degenerated cytoplasm and disentangled cell wall and the accumulation of electron-dense inclusions (asterisks) in the CSB treatment. The biocontrol efficacy of radish damping-off increased greatly following the combined treatments of T. harzianum and CSB and the combined treatment increased efficacy from 6.4-23.1% to 37.1-87.3% compared with either treatment alone. CSB did not affect T. harzianum population growth, as it was almost the same in rice-bran peat medium (culture) amended with 0.1% and 1.0% CSB powder as in non-amended medium. The formulation of T. harzianum in rice-bran peat medium amended with CSB powder reduced the severity of radish damping-off by 80.6%, suggesting that T. harzianum and CSB can be formulated as a biocontrol product for the control of R. solani AG 2-1.

• 식물병연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2012

Xenorhabdus nematophila K1의 대사물질 인돌의 고추역병과 탄저병에 대한 농용살균제로의 개발 가능성을 검토하였다. 인돌은 역병균과 탄저병균의 균사신장을 강하게 억제하였다. 이러한 항균력은 자연상태의 태양 조사 조건 아래에서 60일 이상 유지되었으며, 토양수에서도 상실되지 않았다. 고추를 밭에 정식하기 전에 인돌 현탁액을 토양에 살포하고 10일 간격으로 고추의 지상부에 살포하여, 약 30%의 주요 병해 발생 감소를 가져왔다. 이러한 결과는 indole을 고추 역병과 탄저병 방제를 위해 사용할 수 있음을 의미한다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.282-289
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• 2017

Background: To investigate the possibility of using Asarum sieboldii as an environment-friendly fumigant for protecting organic cultural heritages, the inhibitory effect of A. sieboldii extract against wood rot fungi on Hanji was examined. Methods and Results: The physical, optical, and morphological properties of Hanji inoculated with Trametes versicolor and Tyromyces palustris, and exposed to the n-hexane fraction of A. sieboldii extract, were measured. The physical properties were expressed as weight loss, zero-span tensile strength and viscosity and the optical properties were depicted by luminance and chromaticity ($L^*$, $a^*$, and $b^*$). The results showed that, the n-hexane fraction of A. sieboldii extract inhibited the growth of fungi on Hanji, and preserved its condition. At a concentration of 25 mg, the n-hexane fraction of A. sieboldii extract maintained zero-span tensile strength, increased viscosity, and restricted discoloration of Hanji. It also was confirmed that the weight of fungi infested Hanji exposed to the extract did not decrease. Scanning electron microscopic images revealed that the spores and hyphae of T. versicolor and T. palustris were not present on Hanji during treatment with > 25 mg of the n-hexane fraction of A. sieboldii extract. Conclusions: These results indicate that the n-hexane fraction of A. sieboldii extract by virtue of its antifungal effectiveness may help in preserving Korean paper cultural heritages, including Hanji.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.153-156
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• 2008

One of the most common drugs used against a wide variety of anaerobic protozoan parasites is metronidazole. However, this drug is mutagenic for bacteria and is a potent carcinogen for rodents. Thymus vulgaris is used for cough suppression and relief of dyspepsia. Also it has antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate antiamebic effect of Thymus vulgaris against Entamoeba histolytica in comparison with metronidazole. One hundred gram air-dried T. vulgaris plant was obtained and macerated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 14 days using n-hexane and a mixture of ethanol and water. For essential oil isolation T. vulgaris was subjected to hydrodistillation using a clevenger-type apparatus for 3 hr. E. histolytica, HM-1: IMSS strain was used in all experiments. It was found that the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for T. vulgaris hydroalcoholic, hexanic extracts, and the essential oil after 24 hr was 4 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL, and 0.7 mg/mL, respectively. After 48 hr the MIC for T. vulgaris hydroalcoholic and hexanic extracts was 3 and 3 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Iranian T. vulgaris is effective against the trophozoites of E. histolytica.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.127-140
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• 2017

Metal nanoparticles have been intensively studied within the past decade. Nano-sized materials have been an important subject in basic and applied sciences. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have received considerable attention due to their unique antibacterial, antifungal, and UV filtering properties, high catalytic and photochemical activity. In this study, microbiological aspects of scale formation in PVC pipelines bacteria and fungi were isolated. In the emerging issue of increased multi-resistant properties in water borne pathogens, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle are being used increasingly as antimicrobial agents. Thus, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungal concentration of ZnO nanoparticles towards pathogens microbe were examined in this study. The results obtained suggested that ZnO nanoparticles exhibit a good anti fungal activity than bactericidal effect towards all pathogens tested in in-vitro disc diffusion method (170 ppm, 100 ppm and 30 ppm). ZnO nanoparticles can be a potential antimicrobial agent due to its low cost of production and high effectiveness in antimicrobial properties, which may find wide applications in various industries to address safety issues. Stable ZnO nanoparticles were prepared and their shape and size distribution characterized by Dynamic light scattering (35.7 nm) and transmission electron microscopic TEM study for morphology identification (20 nm), UV-visible spectroscopy (230 nm), X-ray diffraction (FWHM of more intense peak corresponding to 101 planes located at $36.33^{\circ}$ using Scherrer's formula), FT-IR (Amines, Alcohols, Carbonyl and Nitrate ions), Zeta potential (-28.8). The antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles was investigated against Bacteria and Fungi present in drinking water PVC pipelines biofilm. In these tests, Muller Hinton agar plates were used and ZnO nanoparticles of various concentrations were supplemented in solid medium.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1078-1084
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• 1999

A synthetic cecropin A(1-13)-melittin(1-13) [CA-ME] hybrid peptide was known to be an antimicrobial peptide having strong antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor activity with minimal cytotoxic effect against human erythrocyte. Analogues were synthesized to investigate the influences of the flexible hinge region of CA-ME on the antibiotic activity. Antibiotic activity of the peptides was measured by the growth inhibition against bac-terial, fungal and tumor cells and vesicle-aggregating or disrupting activity. The deletion of Gln-Gly-Ile (P1) or Gly-Gln-Gly-Ile-Gly (P3) from CA-ME brought about a significant decrease on the antibiotic activities. In contrast, Gly-Ile-Gly deletion (P2) from CA-ME or Pro insertion (P5) instead of Gly-Gln-Gly-Ile-Gly of CA-ME retained antibiotic activity. This result indicated that the flexible hinge or β-bend structure provided by Gly-Gln-Gly-Ile-Gly, Gln-Gly, or Pro in the central region of the peptides is requisite for its effective antibiotic activity and may facilitate easily the hydrophobic C-terminal region of the peptide to penetrate the lipid bilayers of the target cell membrane. In contrast, P4 and P6 with Gly-Gln-Gly-Pro-Gly or Gly-Gln-Pro in the central region of the peptide caused a drastic reduction on the antibiotic activities. This result suggested that the con-secutive β-bend structure provided by Gly-Gln-Gly-Pro-Gly or Gly-Gln-Pro in the central hinge region of the peptide seems to interrupt the ion channel/pore formation on the target cell membranes.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.100-104
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• 2021

트랜스 신남알데하이드(TCA)는 계피의 활성성분 중 하나로 알려져 있으며, 항바이러스, 항균, 항진균 뿐 아니라 일부 암세포주에서 항암 작용이 있다고 보고된 바 있다. 하지만, 위암세포주에서의 보고는 미비하며 그 작용기전에 대해서는 밝혀진 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 위암 AGS 세포주에 대한 증식 억제작용 및 그 기전을 살펴보았다. TCA는 농도의존적으로 AGS 세포의 생존율을 억제하였다. AGS 세포 형태로 보아 TCA에 의한 세포사멸을 확인할 수 있었다. 그 기전을 확인하기 위하여, 세포사멸 관련 단백질의 발현양을 조사한 결과, TCA는 p53과 Bax의 단백질 발현을 증가시켰다. 또한, 분절된 caspase 9 및 PARP의 발현이 증가되는 것으로부터 TCA가 AGS 세포주의 세포사멸을 유도하였음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과로부터 TCA가 위암에 대한 항암 활성이 있음을 확인하였으며, 추후 지속적인 연구를 통해 항암제 후보물질로 기대된다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.14-23
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• 2021

Objectives: Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), is a plant with nutritional and medicinal properties which has been used in all over the world and study about it is rare. In Persian Medicine parsnip is named as zardak and has many uses such as laxative, libido enhancer, kidney stone crusher and diuretic. Because the wide traditional usage of parsnip, in this review the composition and pharmacological properties of this plant are discussed. Methods: Some data base such as Cochrane, Scopus, PubMed were searched up to 2018 for studies about Pastinaca sativa. In this review study after consider to exclusion criteria, all of the English review and clinical trial were included. Results: Finally, 46 articles were selected for extraction data about the parsnip. Data extraction based on these studies the most important active ingredients of parsnip include coumarins, furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes, essential oils and flavonoids. Different studies determined that Pastinaca sativa has pharmacological effects in CNS, respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver, skin, cardiovascular and urogenital diseases. Conclusion: The most important active ingredients in Pastinaca sativa are furanocoumarins, flavonoids and polyacetylenes, and it has many pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, vasodilator, antifungal, antimicrobial and antidepressant. A main mentioned side effect of parsnip is phototoxicity that was usually reported in direct skin contact. However, family and Some properties and compounds of Pastinaca sativa and Daucus carota are similar but carrots are very popular nowadays. Due to abundant active components and few clinical studies of parsnip, more Studies are recommended to evaluate the effects of it.

• 식물병연구
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.204-208
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• 2022

새싹인삼의 뿌리썩음병 억제제로서 과산화수소의 활용 가능성을 구명하고자 항진균 활성효과와 묘삼 소독효과를 연구한 결과, 과산화수소는 300 mg/l의 농도에서 1×10⁷ conidia/ml 농도의 Cylindrocarpon destructans 균총을 80% 이상 억제시켜 항진균 활성을 나타내었고 인위적으로 병원균에 감염시킨 묘삼의 유병율을 20% 이하로 억제시켜 소독효과가 매우 높았다. 결과적으로 과산화수소 희석수 300 mg/l를 14일에 걸쳐 분무처리하였을 때, 인위적으로 병원균에 감염된 새싹인삼의 뿌리썩음병 발생수율이 72.1%로 무처리의 발생수율 87.2%에 비해 다소 억제되었다. 그러나, 과산화수소의 주기적인 살포가 새싹인삼의 생육 부진을 다소 유발하였다. 추가 연구로서 뿌리썩음병의 방제에 효과적이고 새싹인삼에 안전한 과산화수소의 처리방법 개발이 요구되었다.