• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.123-131
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• 1996

Bacteremia occurs in a wide variety of clinical procedures in oral cavity. Reduction of the number of causative microorganisms of infective endocarditis in oral cavity by local administration of antimicrobial agents decreases the magnitude of bacteremia and possibility of infective endocarditis. The effects of chlorhexidine on Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermis were investigated by measurement of turbidity. The effects of 0.1% chlorhexidine gargling for 7 days on oral bacterial flora, total streptococci, S. mutans, S. aureus, and S. epidermis in whole saliv a of 7 healthy human subjects, were investigated by measurement of Colony Forming Units (CFU). The obtained results were as follows : 1. Chlorhexidine showed significant antimicrobial effects on Streptococcus snaguis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermis. However, the effects on S. sanguis and S. gordonii were not apparent compared with other microorganisms. 2. Oral gargling of 0.1% chlorhexidine decreased the CFU values of normal oral bacterial flora, total streptococci, S. mutans, S. aureus, and S. epidermis in whole saliva. The antimicrobial effects were significant after 4 days of chlorhexidine gargling. 3. Local antimicrobial administration in addition to systemic antibiotic prophylaxis can be highly recommended as an effective adjunct regimen for prevention of infective endocarditis.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.103-106
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• 2018

Objectives: The goal of the study was to investigate the clinical effects of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (500+125 mg) with metronidazole 400 mg administered three times daily (Group I) versus azithromycin 500 mg administered once daily and with metronidazole 400 mg three times daily (Group II) for the prevention of postoperative infection following mandibular third molar surgical removal. Materials and Methods: The study design was a single-center prospective study. Patients who reported to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery between February 2015 and January 2017 for removal of mandibular third molar were screened, and 108 patients were chosen. One surgeon carried out all procedures. Patients were prescribed antibiotics until the two groups contained a similar number of cases. Results: Our data showed that Group II had fewer incidences of surgical site infection, but with no statistical significance. Conclusion: Although both treatments are used routinely after removal of the mandibular third molar, neither is significantly better than the other.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.27-30
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• 2014

The jejunum is the longest part of the small intestine and its lumen is mainly involved in the absorption of the nutrients. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of metronidazole, ceftriaxoine sodium and their combination on the stenotic index of the end to end jujunal anastomotic site. To accomplish this, 20 healthy stray dogs were subjected to end to end jejunal ansastmosis. Dogs in Group A (control) underwent jejunal anstomosis with no antibiotic prophylaxis, while those in Group B received surgery and metronidazole alone at 50 mg/kg, those in Group C received ceftriaxone sodium intravenously at 30 mg/kg body weight prior to surgery and dogs in Group D were given metronidazole in combination with ceftriaxone sodium at 50 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, respectively, 2 h before surgical intervention. No significant difference (p > 0.05) in the stenotic index was observed at 14 days after jejunal anastomosis. These findings indicate that prophylactic administration of metronidazole and ceftriaxone sodium alone or in combination had no significant effect on the stenotic index of the jejunum.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.58-60
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• 2017

An 11-year-old, castrated Maltese dog presented with a 3-week history of periocular swelling, epiphora, and intermittent strabismus. On examination, a foreign body was observed in the anterior chamber, along with orbital cellulitis. Severe gingivitis and plaque accumulation were also diagnosed. The foreign body was surgically removed, and dental prophylaxis and dental extraction were performed. The foreign body entrance could not be found intraoperatively, and the foreign body, later identified as a feather, was removed through a clear corneal incision. The right maxillary molar, which had periodontal inflammation, was also extracted. One day postoperatively, severe hypopyon developed, although the periocular swelling was reduced. These signs persisted despite topical and systemic antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapy; therefore, the right eye was enucleated 1 week later. Intraoperatively, a fistula was found connecting the orbital medial wall, right maxillary molar root, and sclera. The fistula entered the dorsomedial sclera approximately 7 mm behind the limbus. Enterobacteria were cultured from the area. Foreign bodies can enter the anterior chamber not only through the cornea, but also through the mouth. Therefore, when the entry point cannot be found in the cornea, a careful dental examination is required, and the foreign body must be removed through the sclera rather than the cornea.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.56 no.11
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• pp.598-604
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• 2018

Cervicofacial subcutaneous emphysema is defined as the abnormal introduction of air into the subcutaneous tissues of the head and neck. It is mainly iatrogenic and traumatic in origin. Our two case reports are also due to the same cause, but the features of the trauma and the site of the dental treatment are different from the existing reports. A 29-year-old man visited our hospital with facial swelling and pain after experiencing facial trauma in a soccer game. Another 55-year-old woman visited with similar symptoms after replacement of her maxillary anterior fixed prosthesis. In the two cases presented, subcutaneous emphysema was gradually treated with no complications during antibiotic prophylaxis and supportive care. In this paper, we report two cases of traumatic and iatrogenic subcutaneous emphysema and their diagnoses, etiologies, complications, and treatments based on a literature review.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.433-445
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• 2023

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) plays a crucial role in the management of pancreaticobiliary disorders. Although the ERCP technique has been refined over the past five decades, it remains one of the endoscopic procedures with the highest rate of complications. Risk factors for ERCP-related complications are broadly classified into patient-, procedure-, and operator-related risk factors. Although non-modifiable, patient-related risk factors allow for the closer monitoring and instatement of preventive measures. Post-ERCP pancreatitis is the most common complication of ERCP. Risk reduction strategies include intravenous hydration, rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and pancreatic stent placement in selected patients. Perforation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and prompt recognition and treatment of ERCP-related perforations are key to ensuring good clinical outcomes. Endoscopy plays an expanding role in the treatment of perforations. Specific management strategies depend on the location of the perforation and the patient's clinical status. The risk of post-ERCP bleeding can be attenuated by preprocedural optimization and adoption of intra-procedural techniques. Endoscopic measures are the mainstay of management for post-ERCP bleeding. Escalation to angioembolization or surgery may be required for refractory bleeding. Post-ERCP cholangitis can be reduced with antibiotic prophylaxis in high risk patients. Bile culture-directed therapy plays an important role in antimicrobial treatment.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.341-347
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• 2003

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a clinically recognizable multiple congenital anomaly and mental retardation syndrome caused by an interstitial deletion of chromosome 17 p11.2. Physical features include short stature, characteristic facial appearance: flattened mid-face, down-turned mouth, prominent and often rosy cheeks; prominent jaw in older children and adults, chronic ear infections, hearing impairment, eye problems, including: strabismus (an eye which turns in or out) and myopia (nearsightedness), hoarse voice, short fingers and toes, heart defects or murmurs, problems related to the urinary system, scoliosis (curvature of the spine), an unusual gait (walking pattern), and decreased sensitivity to pain. Behavioral and developmental characteristics include speech delay and articulation problems, developmental delay, learning disability, mental retardation, hyperactivity, self-injury, including: head banging; hand biting; picking at skin, sores and nails; pulling off finger- and toenails; inserting foreign objects into ears, nose, or other body orifices, explosive outbursts, prolonged tantrums, destructive and aggressive behavior, excitability, arm hugging or hand squeezing when excited. This report is the case of a Korean 3-year-3-month old male with Smith-Magenis syndrome referred from local clinic for the treatment of dental caries. The patient was treated by physical restraint after prophylatic administration of antibiotic(Amoxacillin 50mg/kg).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7765-7768
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• 2015

This study was conducted to determine the incidence of wound complications after laparotomy for endometrial cancer and significant predictors of risks. Medical records of patients with endometrial cancer undergoing laparotomy for surgical staging at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University between January 2007 and December 2013 were reviewed. Intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis was routinely given 30 minutes before surgery. The primary endpoint was wound complications (including seroma, hematoma, separation, or infection) requiring additional medical and/or surgical management within 4 weeks of laparotomy. During the study period, 357 patients with complete medical records were reviewed. The mean age was 56.9 years. Wound complications were observed in 28 patients (7.84%, 95% CI, 5.27% to 11.14%). Body mass index (BMI) ${\geq}30kg/m^2$, diabetes mellitus (DM), and prior abdominal surgery were observed as significant independent factors predicting an increased risk of wound complications with adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) of 2.96 (1.23-7.16), 2.43 (1.06-5.54), and 3.05 (1.03-8.98), respectively. In conclusion, the incidence of wound complications after laparotomy for endometrial cancer was 7.8%. Significant independent predictors of risk included BMI, DM and prior abdominal surgery.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.705-710
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• 2013

Background Mammalian bite injuries create a public health problem because of their frequency, potential severity, and increasing number. Some researchers have performed fragmentary analyses of bite wounds caused by certain mammalian species. However, little practical information is available concerning serious mammalian bite wounds that require hospitalization and intensive wound management. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to perform a general review of serious mammalian bite wounds. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the medical charts of 68 patients who were referred to our plastic surgery department for the treatment of bite wounds between January 2003 and October 2012. The cases were analyzed according to the species, patient demographics, environmental factors, injury characteristics, and clinical course. Results Among the 68 cases of mammalian bite injury, 58 (85%) were caused by dogs, 8 by humans, and 2 by cats. Most of those bitten by a human and both of those bitten by cats were male. Only one-third of all the patients were children or adolescents. The most frequent site of injury was the face, with 40 cases, followed by the hand, with 16 cases. Of the 68 patients, 7 were treated with secondary intention healing. Sixty-one patients underwent delayed procedures, including delayed direct closure, skin graft, composite graft, and local flap. Conclusions Based on overall findings from our review of the 68 cases of mammalian bites, we suggest practical guidelines for the management of mammalian bite injuries, which could be useful in the treatment of serious mammalian bite wounds.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.44-60
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• 2011

Background : Surgical site infection(SSI) is one of the important nosocomial infections with pneumonia, urinary tract infection. SSI increases mortality, morbidity, length of stay, and costs for postoperative patients. The purpose of this study was to estimate length of stay(LOS) and health care costs from SSI using the large observational data. The ultimate objective was to show the effect of prevention of SSI. Method : This study used antibiotic prophylaxis evaluation data and claims data of the HIRA(Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service). The study population included 18,361 patients who underwent gastric surgery, endoscopic cholecystectomy, colon surgery, hysterectomy, cesarean section in nationwide hospitals from August to October 2007. SSI group and non-SSI group were matched according to propensity score resulted from logistic regression. The paired t-test was used to compare the difference of the LOS and health care costs between SSI group and non-SSI group. Results : The 598 cases of SSI were detected of total subjects, and the crude SSI rate was 3.3%. For each surgery, SSI rates were 5.5% for gastric surgery, 4.7% for cholecystectomy, 6.6% for colon surgery, 2.6% for hysterectomy, and 1.6% for cesarean section. The 596 cases of SSI and the 596 cases of non-SSI were matched by propensity score. The LOS of SSI group was longer than that of non-SSI group, and the difference was statistically significant. Health care costs of SSI group was more than that of non-SSI group which was significant. Conclusions : SSI increased apparently the LOS and healthcare costs. The economic loss might affect the cost of national healthcare as well as patients and hospitals. This study provided the evidence that the healthcare expenditure could be reduced by preventing SSI.