• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.144-157
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to research on breast shape and size to suggest a brassiere sizing chart for elderly women. For this purpose 90 elderly women aged between 55 and 69 were sampled at random to review their breast types by age group, and thereby, suggest the basic measurements and production ratio of each brassiere size in reference to KS K 0070: 1999. The collected measurement data were processed statistically using the SPSS PC/WIN program for technical statistical analysis. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. Analysis of Breast Measurements To find out difference among age groups, the 90 subjects were grouped into three(Group 1 ; aged 55 to 59, Group 2 ; aged 60 to 64, Group 3 ; aged 65 to 69). The results of the comparative analysis of anthropometric data from three groups show that getting older;- Various length measurements related to the drooping degree of breast were increased. It was found that the older group in their 65-69's had more drooping breasts than their 55-59's or 60-64's counterparts. Such findings suggests that older women's drooping can be corrected by a brassiere which serves to support the breasts. 2. Suggestions on a Brassiere Sizing For the basic measurements of brassiere parts for the elderly women, the correlation between underchest circumferences and cup sizes were analyzed. 3% or higher occurrences among the whole sample elderly women were included in the brassiere sizes. thus, the under-chest measurements were set at four intervals from 75 to 95, while the cup measurements were determined also at four intervals from "AAA" to "B" sizes. The resultant 6 sizes excluding the least frequent occurrences covered 73.2% of the sample elderly women actual breast sizes. As a consequence of reviewing the production ratio of each brassiere size for the women, it was found that the brassiere size of highest production ratio was "85A" (17.4%), followed by 80A (14.5%), 85AA 90A (10.1%) and 75A (8.7%) in their order.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 1995

This study was undertaken to investigate the dietary behavior and sugar intake of korean school children. The subject were 131 school lunch program children and 149 non school lunch program children lived in Soung Nam city. Sugar intake, food intake, dietary behavior and anthropometric measurement were studied through personal interview using 24-hour recall dietary data and records. Total daily energy and nutrient intake of children were higher than RDAs except for intake of Calcium and vitamin A. The nutrients intake of school lunch program children were significantly higher than that of non school lunch program children (p<0.05). The range of daily sugar intake was 10 g to 220 g and the total daily sugar intake was $63.0{\pm}37.4\;g$. Sugar intake of school lunch program children ($51.4{\pm}25.7\;g$) was significantly lower than non school lunch program children ($73.1{\pm}42.9\;g$) (p<0.0001). The more sugar intake increase more intake of Energy, Fat and Carbohydrate. The result of stepwise multiple regression analysis using the sugar intake of children as dependent variable, energy, vitamin $B_2$, protein, niacin, calcium school lunch program, education of fathers are significant explanatory variables, explaining 44.8% of variation. Result of this study suggest that school lunch program is desirable for good dietary behavior and decreation of sugar intake of school children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.772-781
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• 2012

In order to supply the reference data to define the quality of life of the rural agricultural elderly population in the simplified steps, the data were collected by personal visits to 232 elder people over 65 (89 males and 143 females) in Sunchang area. The survey was conducted with written questionnaires concerning the quality of life, health-related habits, basic physical functions and cognitive behavior. The prevalence of the degenerative diseases were assessed by anthropometric and biochemical determinations. The averaged overall quality of life represented by EQ-5D index with Nam's model was calculated to be $0.865{\pm}0.1509$, and the percentages of people below the average were 38% (low QOL group) and 62% (high QOL group) were found to be the above the average. Generally, the subjects with male gender, higher educational background, higher self-rated health status, higher social activities were belonged to the high QOL group. The high QOL group had higher scores of daily living activities KADL and IADL, and lower risks in cognitive functions K-MMSE and depression scale GDS. There was no statistically significant correlation between biochemical indexes of blood and cognitive function and EQ-5D scores when the results were adjusted for age and gender. There were significant differences in nutritional assessment determined by the MNA between the high and low QOL groups. The low QOL group showed inferior nutritional status. The rapidly measurable factors of the quality of life of rural elderly were turned out to be physical activity scores and the simplified nutritional status measurement.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.250-259
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to confirm that calcium intake and healthy status play a role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, to assure that calcium intake and regular exercise are important in reducing serum lipid levels in middle-aged women. Daily nutrient intakes were analyzed by convenient method. Anthropometric measurement such as body weight and height and blood pressure were measured. The subjects divided into two groups : women in group I under 50 years of age($\leq$49 yr group) and those in group II 50 years up($\geq$50 yr group). Average ages of group I and II were 43.87 and 53.46 years. The nutrients intake of subjects were higher than Korean recommended dietary allowances(KRDA) except calorie, iron, calcium, vitamin B1. They showed significant difference each other in vitamin B2(p<0.05), calcium(p<0.01) intake. Mean daily calcium intake was 540.88mg in $\leq$49 yr group and 519.50mg in $\geq$50 yr group. The levels of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure, Atherogenic Index(AI), LDL/HDL and Cardiac Index(CI) were increased with age. The triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations and LDL/HDL in $\geq$50 yr group were significantly higher than those of $\leq$49 yr group. There was a highly significantly positive correlation between age and triglyceride, total cholesterol and Atherogenic Index(AI). Triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol concentration and Atherogenic Index(AI) were positively correlated with body weight and WHR(waist-hip ratio). Also ther was a significantly negative correlation between exercise and Cardiac Index(CI). Also a significantly negative correlation was found between Ca intake and LDL-cholesterol. Exercise and Cardiac Index(CI) also had a significantly negative relation. The results suggest that increased habitual physical activity and calcium intake should be recommended as a way of decreasing blood lipids and blood pressure in middle-aged women.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.81-93
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• 2003

This study was performed to compare nutrient intake, bone density, total cholesterol and blood glucose in women who lived in Taegu city. The number of subjects participated in the study was 89 and they were classified into 3 groups by age. 30.3% of the subject were in their 20-34 years of age, 37.1% were in their 35～49 years of age and 32.6% were above fifty. A dietary record method was used to assess the nutritional intake of subjects. Anthropometric measurement such as body weight, height and WHR, and blood pressure, blood glucose, cholesterol and BMD were measured. The results were as follows, mean weight, WHR, SBP, and blood glucose and total cholesterol of the subjects above 50 years old were significantly higher than those of 20-49 years of age(p<0.05). Mean bone density in calcaneus of subjects aged above fifty was lower than those of under 49 years of age(p<0.05). Weight, BMI, waist circumference, WHR and SBP were positively correlated with age(p<0.01). WHR and body fat were positively correlated with BMI(p<0.01). Waist circumference was positively correlated with SBP(p<0.01). Bone mineral density was negatively correlated with age and SBP(p<0.01). Also BMD was positively correlated with weight(p<0.05). Energy intakes was positively correlated with bone mineral density(p<0.05). Fat intakes was negatively correlated with SBP and blood glucose(p<0.05). Calcium intakes was negatively correlated with SBP(p<0.05). Ca/P ratio was negatively correlated with age(p<0.05) and WHR(p<0.01). Zinc intakes was negatively correlated with SBP and blood glucose(p<0.05). From the findings, it is suggested that the women after menopause keep the optimum body weight and good eating habits. Especially intake of good quality protein, calcium and carbohydrate seemed to be important.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.17-26
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• 1994

This study was an attempt to investigate various factions, such as the calorie, nutrient intake, physical activity, blood lipids, obesity prevalence and body fat distribution on NIDDM male diabetics. General characteristics, physical activity and exercise levels of subjects were invesigated by interviewing, daily calorie and nutrient intake were measured by convenient method. The following anthropometric measurements were made on all participats : weight, height. Also waist and hip circumference were measured on 174 male diabetics to get waist-to-hip circumference ratio as index of the body fat distribution. For measurement of plasma lipids, 12-hour fasting blood samples were drawn The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. At the onset of diabetes, the major self-diagnosed symptoms were polydipsia, fatigue, and body weight redution 2. The average of daily energy intake of male diabetics was 2106 Kcal which is 96% of the RDA Percentage of energy is that carbohydrate:protein : pat=70:14:16. 3. Among the NIDDM male subjects, 59% was exercise regularly. 4. Obese subjects above in the ideal body weight of 120% are presently 17%, but 39% of subjects were reported to be obese in the past. The mean BMI of the male NIDDM diabetics is 23.3${\pm}$2.6 and the past mean BMI was 25.2${\pm}$2.7 The mean WHR was 0.93${\pm}$0.10. 5. When diabetics were divided into obese and nonobese group according to RBW, energy intake, blood pressure, blood glucose and total cholesterol were not significantly different between the two groups, but LDL and VLDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in the obese group. 6. RBW did not correlate with cholesterol and triglyceride, but WHR correlated significantly with cholesterol and triglyceride. In conclusion, these results from a present study support previous findings indicating that not only the degree of obesity but also the localization of fat is a risk factor for diabetes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.54-61
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• 2018

Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the accessibility and usability of the disabled person while using the everyday facility. Background: The national laws regulated accommodation of persons with disabilities, but our knowledge on the practical usefulness of the laws and acceptance by the users is still far from complete. Method: Compliance with laws was checked throughout the actual measurement of 87 engineering designs in the facilities of a national university, and the practical usability of the facilities was investigated by in-depth interviews with eight disabled persons. New design solutions were developed by the anthropometric methodology for better accommodation. The target-specific anthropometry database such as sitting knee height with wheelchair was employed. Results: First, the statistic showed that 28.7% of facility designs comply with the law, 29.9% of facility designs doesn't comply with the law, and 41.4% of facility designs doesn't have related law or regulation. Second, the law of table height(71cm in current) can accommodate only 49.3% of wheelchaired population. The following test for 95% accommodation revealed that the table with 80cm high is required. Third, the current law in the door width(90cm) can only accommodate 82.6% of disabled persons, so the new design solution was calculated and suggested that 100cm in the door width is necessary for 99% accommodation of disabled persons. Conclusion: Even with the laws and regulations for the disabilities it was clear that the accessibility and usability of the disabled persons in everyday facilities was still limited. An investigation for the new solutions about a wide range of facilities is necessary for better practical accessibility and usability of the handicapped persons. Application: The results of current study can be a basement of developing a new guideline or regulation of the facility design for the disabled persons.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.164-174
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• 1999

The purpose of this study were to assess iron status and obesity in 82 middle aged women living in Kangnung area. Anthropometric measurements were taken for body weight, height, percentage of body fat and circumferences of waist and hip. Venous blood samples were drawn from subjects for measurement of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC), transferrin saturation(TS) and serum ferritin. Dietary intakes of iron(heme iron and nonheme iron), the amounts of MPF(meat, poultry and fish) and ascorbic acid were assessed by modified 24-hr recall method. The results obtained are summarized as follows : Postmenopausal women had more body fat than premenopausal women. That is, postmenopausal women tend to be obeser than premenopausal women. There was no difference in Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC and TS between pre- and postmenopausal women. But the serum ferritin concentration of postmenopausal women(83.7$\pm$42.1ng/ml) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than premenopausal women(56.4$\pm$41.0ng/ml). Prevalences of iron deficiency (20%, 20.0% and 17.1% respectively) of postmenopausal women. The mean daily intakes of total iron in pre- and postmenopausal women were 17.5$\pm$9.3mg and 15.6$\pm$6.9mg, respectively. Bioavailabilities of dietary iron were 6.5% and 4.5% in pre- and post-groups. These results indicate that individual dietary guidelines should be used to educate middle-aged women different in status of menopause. For example, premenopausal women should increase nutritional iron status and postmenopausal women should try to prevent obesity.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.943-954
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze the breast growth variation trends and characteristics of Korean adolescent girls based on 3D body measurements. Subjects were 174 girls aged between 13 and 18. 3D body scanning data were collected and the data were measured by Geomagic Design X program. The total of 18 anthropometric measurements and 4 index items were analyzed. The main results of this study are as follows: 1) Overall, the breast growth of adolescent girls got out of children's body shapes at the age of 14 and the adult's body shapes appeared remarkably at the age of 18. Before the age of 15, the adolescent girls' breast enlarged. 2) The surface lengths of upper body, which means the breast volume, showed significant growth above B cup groups rather than under A cup groups. The demand of B cup size (32.2%) was higher than A cup size (25.9%). And 35.6% of subjects' brassiere band size was 70. 3) The thorax grew evenly in the circumference, depth and breadth. The thoracic development related to the breast volume as well as the whole upper body's development. These results reveal that it is necessary to develop adolescent girls' brassiere reflecting on adolescent girls' breast growth variation trends and characteristics by age, breast size and thoracic development.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.680-686
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among body composition, dietary intake, exercise, and life style in children(M=80, f=102) of the 5th and 6th grades of elementary school. Anthropometry and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis were conducted to estimate body composition. Dietary intake, exercise, and life style were determined by using questionnaires. When obesity was classified greater than 120% of the ideal body weight, the prevalence rates of obesity were 31.2% for boy and 20.6% for girl. There were significant differences in body composition between nonobese(NO) and obese(OB) groups. Mean fat mass(FM) and lean body mass(LBM) were 8.6kg and 27.7kg for NO group and 16.7kg and 32.3kg for OB group, respectively. Also a significant difference was found in hydration rate(TBW/body weight)between groups( <0.01). No significant difference was found I total calorie intake and nutrient intakes between groups. No difference was found in the frequency and duration of outdoor exercise and indoor activities. Mean sleeping hours was 8-9hours for 62% of nonobese children and for 59% of obese children. However, calorie intake per body weight was significantly lower inobese children than in nonobese. The present study showed that significant differences existed in their body size and composition between NO and OB groups , while no differences existed in daily calorie intake, excercise , and life style. This may indicate that important obesity-promoting factors of early onset obesity may rely on other factors such as hereditary or environmental factors besides factors considered. Further studies are required to understand obesity-promoting factors in children. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(5) : 680∼686, 1997)