• 대한한의학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2008

Objectives : It has been reported that Sophorae Subprostratae Radix (SSR) has a neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia in animals. In the present study, the authors investigated the neuroprotective effect of SSR on glutamate excitotoxicity. Glutamate excitotoxicity was induced by using NMDA, AMPA, and KA in PC12 cells and in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Methods :Methanolic extract of SSR was added at 0.5, 5, and 50 ${\mu}$g/ml to culture media for 24 hours. The effects of SSR were evaluated by measuring of cell viability, PI-stained neuronal cell death, TUNEL-positive cells, and MAP-2 immunoreactivity. Results : SSR increased PC12 cell viabilities significantly against AMPA-induced excitotoxicity, but not against NMDA-induced or KA-induced excitotoxicity. In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures damaged by NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, SSR attenuated neuronal cell death significantly in the CA1, CA3, and DG hippocampal regions and reduced TUNEL-positive cells significantly in CA1 and DG regions. In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures damaged by AMPA-induced excitotoxicity, SSR attenuated neuronal cell death and reduced TUNEL-positive cell numbers significantly in the CA1 and DG regions. In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures damaged by KA-induced excitotoxicity, SSR attenuated neuronal cell death significantly in CA3, but did not reduce TUNEL-positive cell numbers in CA1, CA3 or DG. In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures damaged by NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, SSR attenuated pyramidal neuron neurite retraction and degeneration in CA1. Conclusions : These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of SSR are related to antagonistic effects on the NMDA and AMPA receptors of neuronal cells damaged by excitotoxicity and ischemia.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2016년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.13-13
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• 2016

Insects constitute the largest and most diverse group of animals in the world. They also serve as the hosts or nutrient sources for an immense assemblage of pathogens, parasites, and predators. More than 700 fungal species from 100 genera have adopted an entomopathogenic lifestyle. Although entomopathogenic fungi were studied as only biocontrol agents against a variety of pests in various countries, it has been recently focused their additional roles in nature. They are antagonists to/against plant pathogens, endophytes, and possibly even plant growth promoting agents. The potential antimicrobial effect against fungal plant pathogens by an isolate of entomopathogenic fungi including Beauveria bassiana, Lecanicillium spp., and Isaria fumosorosea have been reported since late 1990s, but wasn't reported pathogenicity of the isolate against pests. Later, a Canadian Lecanicillium sp. isolate and L. longisporium isolated from Vertalec$^{(R)}$ showed simultaneous control effect against both aphid and cucumber powder mildew. Therefore, the antimicrobial activities of 342 fungi isolates collected from various regions and conditions in Korea were evaluated against plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea using dual culture technique on agar plate. As a result, 186 isolates (54.4%) shown the antifungal activity against B. cinerea. The culture filtrates of selected fungi completely suppressed the growth of the microorganisms, indicating that suppression was due to the presence of antimicrobial substances in the culture filtrate. Mode of action of these fungi against insect involves the attachment of conidia to the insect cuticle, followed by germination, cuticle penetration, and internal dissemination throughout the insect. During infection process, secreted enzymes, proteinous toxins, and/or secondary metabolites secreted by entomopathogenic fungi can be used to overcome the host immune system, modify host behavior, and defend host resources. Recently, secondary metabolites isolated from entomopathogenic fungi have been reported as potential bioactive substances. Generally, most of bioactive substances produced by entomopathogenic fungi have reported low molecular weight (lower than 1,000 g/mol) as peptide and, in contrast the high molecular weight fungal bioactive substances are rare. Most substances based on entomopathogenic fungi were shown antimicrobial activity with narrow control ranges. In our study we analyzed the antimicrobial substances having antagonistic effects to B. cinerea. Antimicrobial substances in our fungal culture filtrates showed high thermostability, high stability to proteolytic enzymes, and hydrophilicity and their molecular weights were differed from substance. In conclusion, entomopathogenic fungi showed pathogenicity against insect pests and culture filtrate of the fungi also shown to antimicrobial activity. In the future, we can use the entomopathogenic fungi and its secondary metabolites to control both insect pest control and plant pathogenic fungi simultaneously.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.18-22
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• 2007

토마토시들음병 방제균주인 Bacillus thuringiensis BK4의 항진균성 항생물질의 대량생산조건을 확립하였고, 항생물질 BK4를 조정제 수준에서 in vitro, in vivo pot 실험을 통해 실제 토마토 시들음병에 대한 토양내 방제력을 검증하였다. B. thuringiensis BK4는 탄소원으로 0.5% xylose, 질소원으로 0.2% peptone No. 3, 5 mM $CaCl_2$를 첨가하였을 때 토마토 시들음병균인 Fusarium oxysoporum에 대한 항진균활성과 균체생산량이 가장 높았으며 또한, B. thuringiensis BK4가 생산하는 항진균성 항생물질 BK4를 조정제 수준에서 in vivo pot 실험을 통해 토마토 시들음병균인 F. oxysoporum에 대한 방제력이 탁월하다는 것을 확인하였다. B. thuringiensis BK4의 균체와 조정제수준의 항생물질 BK4를 병용처리 하였을 경우 각각을 단독으로 처리하였을 때와 비교하여 상가(相加)효과를 확인할 수 있었으며, 기대했던 상승(相乘)효과는 확인하지 못하였다. B. thuringiensis BK4가 생산하는 항생물질 BK4를 Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography와 prep-HPLC를 통해 retention time이 38min인 단일물질로 정제할 수 있었으며, 정제된 항생물질의 MIC(Minimum Inhibition Concentration)를 측정한 결과 50${\mu}$g/ml이었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.227-237
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the interaction of vitamins A and E on their transfer from diet to chicken eggs and the effect of vitamin A flood-dosing on its concentration in eggs and livers. In Experiment I, forty-two 45-wk-old brown layers (Bobeock) were divided into seven groups and fed one of seven diets: control, three vitamin A supplemented diets(8, OOO, 16, 000, and 64, 000 IU /kg diet) or three vitamin E supplemented diets (50, 100, and 200 IU/kg diet). In Experiment II, a total of thirty-two 35-wk-old white layers (Hy-ine) were divided into four groups and fed one of four diets :control, vitamin A 20, 00O+vitamin E 200 TU /kg, vitamin A 50, O00+vitamin E 200 IU /kg or vitamin A 100, OO0+vitamin E 200 lU/kg supplemented diets. In Experiment III, a total of fifty-six 35-wk-old white layers (Hy-line) was divided into four groups and fed one of four diets: control or three vitamin A supplemented diets (80, 000, 120, 000 and 160, 000 lU/kg diet). In Experiment I, vitamin E levels of egg yolk in hens fed the vitamin A supplemented diets decreased as dietary vitamin A level increased (P

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.294-301
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• 2022

In our greenhouse experiment, soil heat treatment groups (50, 80, and 121℃) significantly promoted growth and disease suppression of Panax notoginseng in consecutively cultivated soil (CCS) samples (p < 0.01), and 80℃ worked better than 50℃ and 121℃ (p < 0.01). Furthermore, we found that heat treatment at 80℃ changes the microbial diversity in CCS, and the inhibition ratios of culturable microorganisms, such as fungi and actinomycetes, were nearly 100%. However, the heat-tolerant bacterial community was preserved. The 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing analyses indicated that the soil heat treatment had a greater effect on the Chao1 index and Shannon's diversity index of bacteria than fungi, and the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were significantly higher than without heating (80 and 121℃, p < 0.05). Soil probiotic bacteria, such as Bacillus (67%), Sporosarcina (9%), Paenibacillus (6%), Paenisporosarcina (6%), and Cohnella (4%), remained in the soil after the 80℃ and 121℃ heat treatments. Although steam increased the relative abundances of most of the heat-tolerant microbes before sowing, richness and diversity gradually recovered to the level of CCS, regardless of fungi or bacteria, after replanting. Thus, we added heat-tolerant microbes (such as Bacillus) after steaming, which reduced the relative abundance of pathogens, recruited antagonistic bacteria, and provided a long-term protective effect compared to the steaming and Bacillus alone (p < 0.05). Taken together, the current study provides novel insight into sustainable agriculture in a consecutively cultivated system.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2023

Background: Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are a group of chemical substances used in building materials and plastic products to suppress or mitigate the combustion of materials. Although OPFRs are generally used in mixed form, information on their mixture toxicity is quite scarce. Objectives: This study aims to elucidate the toxicity and determine the types of interaction (e.g., synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effect) of OPFRs mixtures. Methods: Nine organophosphorus flame retardants, including TEHP (tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate) and TDCPP (tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate), were selected based on indoor dust measurement data in South Korea. Nine OPFRs were exposed to the luminescent bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri for 30 minutes and the human hepatocyte cell line HepG2 for 48 hours. Chemicals with significant toxicity were only used for mixture toxicity tests in HepG2. In addition, the observed EC_x values were compared with the predicted toxicity values in the CA (concentration addition) prediction model, and the MDR (model deviation ratio) was calculated to determine the type of interaction. Results: Only four chemicals showed significant toxicity in the luminescent bacteria assays. However, EC₅₀ values were derived for seven out of nine OPFRs in the HepG2 assays. In the HepG2 assays, the highest to lowest EC₅₀ were in the order of the molecular weight of the target chemicals. In the further mixture tests, most binary mixtures show additive interactions except for the two combinations that have TPhP (triphenyl phosphate), i.e., TPhP and TDCPP, and TPhP and TBOEP (tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate). Conclusions: Our data shows OPFR mixtures usually have additivity; however, more research is needed to find out the reason for the synergistic effect of TPhP. Also, the mixture experimental dataset can be used as a training and validation set for developing the mixture toxicity prediction model as a further step.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 고추재배 지역의 오염지 토양으로부터 탄저병원균인 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides에 대하여 항진균 활성이 우수한 균주를 분리하였다. 분리 균주의 생화학적 특성을 조사한 결과 내생포자를 형성하는 Gram-positive이며, 세포크기는 $2.5{\sim}3.0{\times}1.5{\mu}m$으로 짧은 간균으로 siderophore, cellulase와 IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid)을 생산하였다. 16S rRNA 유전자염기서열 분석 결과 Bacillus sp.와 99%의 상동성을 나타내어 Bacillus sp. CS-52로 명명하였다. Bacillus sp. CS-52의 항진균 활성 물질을 생산하기 위한 배양 최적 조건은 0.5% glucose, 0.7% $K_2HPO_4$, 0.2% $K_2HPO_4$, 0.3% $NH_4NO_3$, 0.01% $MnSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, 0.15% yeast extract, pH 7과 $30^{\circ}C$로 조사되었으며, 최적화된 배양조건에서 36시간에 최대 성장을 보이며, 고추 탄저병원균에 대하여 60시간 배양조건에서 가장 높은 13.3 mm의 항진균 활성을 보였다. 포자발아억제력은 48시간에 가장 높은 억제력이 보였고, siderophore는 최종배양시간 72시간까지 생성됨을 확인하였다. 식물생장조절물질 IAA와 활성효소인 cellulase의 경우 배양시간 24시간에 최대 생성됨을 확인하였으며, C. gloeosporioides에 대한 실내에서의 항진균활성 검증결과 화학농약 보다 더 높은 70%의 방제가를 나타내었다. 향후 Bacillus sp. CS-52 균주와 배양액을 이용하여 생물학적 친환경방제제로의 제품화가 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.447-453
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• 2007

작물생육에 유용한 미생물을 선발하여 생물비료로 이용하고자 고추, 토마토, 상추, 오이, 목초, 잔디, 콩의 근권토양 및 뿌리표면에서 세균을 373균주 분리하였다. 각각의 균주를 작물에 접종후 작물생육에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 그 중 작물생육을 촉진시키는 균주를 대상으로 작물생육량과 식물병원성 진균 억제능을 평가한 후 우수한 1균주를 선발하였다. 그리고 선발한 균주의 배양적 특성 및 식물호르몬 생산성을 분석하였다. 선발된 균주는 16S rRNA 염기서열분석, 생화학적특성 등의 분석으로 속 종명을 동정하였다. 식물생육촉진 및 식물병원성 진균을 효과적으로 억제하는 Bacillus subtilis S37-2 균주를 선발하였다. 시험에 사용된 식물병원성 진균은 Fusarium oxysporum (KACC 40037), Rhizoctonia solani (KACC 40140), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (KACC 40457)의 3 균주였으며, 이들 균주에 대하여 모두 효과적이었다. 토양이 충진된 폿트에 상추를 재배하여 B. subtilis S37-2 균주의 희석현탁액을 $10^5{\sim}10^8cell\;ml^{-1}$ 범위의 접종 농도별로 근권에 처리후 상추의 생육량을 조사하였다. 접종균수가 많을수록 상추 생육량은 증가하였다. $8.7{\times}10^8cell\;ml^{-1}$를 주당 50 ml씩 1~2회 접종시 대조구에 비해 상추의 엽 생체중이 48.7%, 뿌리의 건물중이 42.3% 씩 각각 생육량이 증가하는 효과를 나타내었다. 상추 유묘에 식물병원성 진균인 S. sclerotiorum (KACC 40457)처리후 B. subtilis S37-2 균주를 접종한 구와 접종하지 않은 대조구를 비교한 결과 접종후 9일에 접종구는 16.7%, 대조구는 100% 이병되어 고사되었다. 배지 종류별로 B. subtilis S37-2 균주의 균체증식량을 비교한 결과 TSB배지가 양호하였으며, 질소원을 첨가할 경우 peptone, tryptone보다 yeast extract를 첨가한 구가 균체생성량이 양호하였다. 그리고 배양 온도별로는 $30^{\circ}C$에 비해 $37^{\circ}C$가 약 2~4배이상 균체생성량이 많았다. L-tryptophan을 $20mg\;L^{-1}$ 첨가한 TSB 배지에 B. subtilis S37-2 균주를 접종하여 24시간 배양후 IAA(indole 3-acetic acid) 생성량은 $0.1{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ 이 검출되었다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2021

본 연구는 항균 활성을 갖는 천연 소재를 검색하고 화장품의 보존제로써 적용을 위해 진행되었다. 디스크 확산법(disc diffusion method)을 통해 피부 병원성균 3 종(Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa)과 효모균(Candida albicans (C. albicans))에서의 천연 항균 소재 9 종을 검색하였다. Inhibition zone 크기를 측정한 결과, 오배자 추출물(Rhus Semialata gall (Gallnut) extract), 참나무 목초액 (Oak vinegar) 그리고 폴리리신(ε-polylysine)은 10 mm 이상으로 다른 추출물에 비해 우수한 항균활성을 나타내었다. 병원성균 3종과 효모균, 곰팡이균(Aspergillus brasiliensis (A. brasiliensis))에서 최소살균농도(minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC)를 측정한 결과, 오배자 추출물과 참나무 목초액은 5 종의 병원성균에서 10 ~ 20 mg/mL와 20 ~ 40 mg/mL, 폴리리신의 경우 진균류에서 0.5 ~ 2 mg/mL으로 살균 작용에 의한 항균효과를 각각 확인하였다. Checkerboard 방법에 따라 오배자 추출물과 참나무 목초액, 오배자 추출물과 폴리리신의 혼합 비율에 따른 시너지 효과(synergistic effect), 부가 효과(additive effect), 무관함(indifferent) 그리고 상쇄효과(antagonistic effect)를 평가하였다. 그 결과, 단독으로 사용할 때보다 오배자 추출물과 참나무 목초액 복합물은 E. coli, C. albicans, A. brasiliensis를, 오배자 추출물과 폴리리신 복합물은 C. albicans, A. brasiliensis를 4 배 낮은 농도에서 99.9% 억제하며 항균 시너지 효과를 확인하였다. 오배자 추출물과 참나무 목초액 복합물은 S. aureus와 P. aeruginosa를 2 배 낮은 농도에서 억제하며 부가 효과가 확인되었다. 이로써, 오배자 천연 복합물은 항균 시너지 효과를 발휘할 수 있음을 입증했을 뿐만 아니라 넓은 항균 스펙트럼을 갖춘 천연 방부 시스템으로써 화장품에서 응용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제1권
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• pp.35-40
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• 1983

식물생장조절제(植物生長調節劑)에 의(依)한 담배의 액아발생(腋芽發生)에 관(關)한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 조생종(早生種)인 hicks와 만생종(晩生種)인 kusaga mammoth에 MH, GA, BA의 농도를(濃度)를 달리해서 단독(單獨) 또는 혼용처리(混用處理) 하였을 시 액아발생(腋芽發生)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)한바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 적심(摘心) 직후(直後) MH900g(a.i.)/ha 처리(處理)는 액아발생(腋芽發生)을 완전히(完全)히 억제(抑制)시켰지만 농도(濃度)가 감소(減少)함에 따라 품종(品種)에 관계(關係)없이 액아(腋芽)가 발생(發生)하였다. 무적심(無摘心) 개체(個體)에서도 비슷한 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. 적심(摘心)한 개체(個體)에서는 GA와 BA의 여느 농도(濃度)에서 혼용(混用)을 하여도 MH가 첨가(添加)되면 액아(腋芽)가 발생(發生)하지 않지만 무적심(無摘心) 개체(個體)에서는 MH 900 g(a. i.)/ha에 BA와 GA의 농도비(濃度比)가 10:1로 혼용(混用)될 때는 액아(腋芽)가 발생(發生)하였다. 무적심(無摘心) 개체(個體)에 GA와 BA 처리(處理)는 액아발생(腋芽發生)에 아무런 영향(影響)을 미치지 않았다. 적심(摘心)한 개체(個體)에 GA와 BA의 단독처리(單獨處理)는 농도(濃度)가 높아짐에 따라 액아발생(腋芽發生)을 증가(增加)시키며 혼용(混用)하였을 때에는 antagonistio한 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다.