• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.309-318
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• 2020

Besides respiratory infection, COVID-19 has many neurological symptoms not only loss of smell and taste but also fatigue and brain fog. But it is a challenge to treat the neurological symptoms especially of anosmia and ageusia. In order to search for the therapeutic methods, the geographical diversity and pathological mechanisms of the COVID-19 and two symptoms were investigated from the latest clinical studies. Because the environmental conditions of the monsoon climate zone of East Asia and the Mediterranean and Oceanic climate zone of Italy, Britain, United States and tropical Brazil are different, each of diverse etiology and internal milieu should be considered differently in the treatment. SARS-CoV-2 exhibits the dampness-like characteristics and the olfactory and gustatory disorders are particularly more common than other flu or cold. and it tends to show features of damaging the lung qi of olfaction and heart-spleen qi of gustation. The mechanisms of olfactory and gustatory loss are various according to precursory, inflammatory, non-inflammatory and sequelar forms, so the therapeutic method should be designed for each period and pathology. If the process of inflammation arises from nasal and respiratory, olfactory epithelium to the central nervous structure by way of blood brain barrier, the treatment should be corresponded with the stage and depth of pathogen place. And if the olfactory loss is asymptomatic or in the initial stage, it can be applied intranasal topical scent therapy to relieve temporary locking of qi movement, but maybe also used in parallel together with herbs of relieving dampness toxin latent in the lung parenchyma.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality in pre-elderly and elderly individuals in Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: We employed a case-control study design, utilizing secondary data from the Epidemiology Surveillance, Immunization Prevention, and Disease Control Sections of the DKI Jakarta Provincial Health Office, collected from December 2020 to January 2021. The study included 188 cases and an equal number of controls. Cases were COVID-19 patients confirmed to have died, as reported by hospitals and communities and subsequently verified by healthcare workers. Control subjects were patients who completed a 14-day isolation period and had been officially declared recovered by healthcare professionals. The dependent variable was the mortality of COVID-19 patients in the January 2021 period. The independent variables consisted of demographic data (age and sex), clinical symptoms (cough, runny nose, anosmia, diarrhea, headaches, abdominal pain, muscle pain, and nausea/vomiting), and comorbidities (hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes). Multivariate analysis was conducted using multiple logistic regression. Results: The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed several factors associated with COVID-19 fatalities in Jakarta: age of 60 years or older (odds ratio [OR], 4.84; 95% CI, 3.00 to 7.80), male (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 2.41 to 3.68), dyspnea (OR, 3.93; 95% CI, 2.04 to 7.55), anosmia (OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.46), and heart disease (OR, 4.38; 95% CI, 1.04 to 18.46). Conclusions: The control and prevention of COVID-19 among elderly individuals require particular vigilance. When a COVID-19 case is detected within this demographic, prompt treatment and medication administration are crucial to mitigate the presenting symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.103-106
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• 2009

Intracranial schwannomas preferentially arise from the vestibular branch of the eighth nerve, and rarely from the trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, and lower cranial nerves. Anterior cranial fossa schwannomas are extremely uncommon and few details about them have been reported. The patient was a 39-year-old woman whose chief complaints were anosmia and frontal headache for 2 years. The gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an extra-axial mass from ethmoid sinus to right frontal base region near the midline, with solid enhancement in lower portion and multicystic formation in upper portion. The tumor was totally resected via basal subfrontal approach. At operation, the tumor had cystic portion with marginal calcification and the anterior skull base was destructed by the tumor. The olfactory bulb was involved, and the tumor capsule did not contain neoplastic cells. The histopathological diagnosis was schwannoma. We report a rare case of anterior cranial fossa schwannoma with literature review.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 1990

This is a case report of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia developed in the craniofacial region of 21 year old male patient, who had complained the buccolingual expansion of left mandibular body area, malocclusion and facial asymmetry. We could achieve satisfactory results by radical resection of the relatively well defined small lesion of mandible and by cosmetic bone shaving procedure on the widely dispersed and poorly defined lesions of cranium. But the persistent growth and recurrence of the lesions may produce loss of hearing, visual difficulties, facial paralysis and anosmia, and as it is a polyostotic type occured in the craniofacial region of male patient, the possibility of malignant degeneration should not be excluded completely and periodic recall and check up will be necessary.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.874-880
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• 2022

Objectives: This study reports a case of COVID-19 in which the patient experienced improved clinical symptoms (fever, cough, anosmia, sore throat, pantalgia, and headache) after treatment with Korean medicine. Methods: A 47-year-old male patient diagnosed with COVID-19 was treated with herbal medicine (Mahwangbalpyotang-gagam) three times a day. His clinical course was assessed using changes in body temperature, the Numerical Rating Scale of clinical symptoms, and chest X-ray comparisons between pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 conditions. Results: All the patient's clinical symptoms subsided in 11 days. After 15 days of treatment, his body temperature dropped to a normal range, and the quarantine was lifted. A chest X-ray showed there was no active lung lesion in either lung field after COVID-19. Conclusion: This study suggests that herbal medicine treatment may be an effective treatment for relieving COVID-19's clinical symptoms.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.11-31
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• 2001

1. Rhinocleisis: In the frequency of prescription of internal therapy, tongkyutang, bangpungtongsungsan, shinisan and yeotaektongkitang are often used. In the frequency of herb of internal therapy, baekgi(白芷), bangpung(防風), kanghwal(羌活), chungung(川芎) and seuma(升麻) are often used. In the frequency of prescription of external therapy, changposan is often used. In the frequency of herb of external therapy, sesin(細辛), tongcho(通草), chungung(川芎), buza(附子) and koache(瓜薺) are often used. 2. Watery Rhinorrhea : In the frequency of prescription of internal therapy, tongkyutang, seshinsan and chunchosan are often used. In the frequency of herb of internal therapy, chungung(川芎), seshin(細辛) and bangpung(防風) are often used. In the frequency of prescription of external therapy, seshingo is often used. In the frequency of herb of external therapy, seshin(細辛), chuncho(川椒) and bangpung(防風) are often used. 3. Viscous Rhinorrhea : In the frequency of prescription of internal therapy, bangpungtang, changisan and shinisan are often used. In the frequency of herb of internal therapy, chungung(川芎), bangpung(防風), bakha(薄荷) and hwangeum(黃芩) are often used. 4. Anosmia : In the frequency of prescription of internal therapy, yeotaektongkitang is often used. In the frequency of herb of internal therapy, bangpung(防風), baegi(白芷) and kangwhal(羌活) are often used. 5. Nasal Polyp: In the frequency of prescription of internal therapy, yangpesan is often used. In the frequency of herb of internal therapy, baekchul(白朮), kunkang(乾薑) and hwangkeum(黃芩) are often used. In the frequency of prescription of external therapy, shinigo, tongchosan and baekhwangsan are often used. In the frequency of herb of external therapy, seshin(細辛), koache(瓜薺) and woonghwang(雄黃) are often used. 6. Epistaxis : In the frequency of prescription of internal therapy, sanggihwangtang is often used. In the frequency of herb of internal therapy, sanggihwang(生地黃), hwanggeum(黃芩) and jakyak(芍藥) are often used. 7. Rhinophyma : In the frequency of prescription of internal therapy, hyunggasan and chunghyulsamultang are often used. In the frequency of herb of internal therapy, danggui(當歸), hwanggeum(黃芩) and chija(梔子) are often used. In the frequency of prescription of external therapy, baekbansan is often used. In the frequency of herb of external therapy, yoohwang(硫黃), kyungbun(輕粉) and hangin(杏仁) are often used.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 2005

Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been used extensively in the diagnosis of metastatic malignancies. However, metastatic soft tissue sarcomas are often overlooked, primarily due to the low frequency with/ which they occur. Here, we report a rare case of metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma in both cervical lymph nodes, which was detected by FNAC. A 45-year-old woman presented with anosmia, postnasal drip, and sneezing, symptoms which had persisted for 1 month. The patient was found to have a tumorous lesion at the upper portion of the mid-turbinate, with multiple enlarged cervical lymph nodes, and this lesion was examined closely at our facility. FNA cytology smears obtained from both cervical lymph nodes revealed a high degree of cellularity, and displayed cohesive clusters with gland-like spaces, as well as single isolated cells with abundant karyorrhectic debris. The tumor cells exhibited round to oval nuclei containing fine chromatin, occasional small nucleoli, and scanty cytoplasm, or a total lack of cytoplasm. Some of the tumor cells were arranged in multinucleated forms and abundant dense eosinophilic cytoplasms, reminiscent of a rhabdomyoblast. The histological findings on the lymph nodes revealed an outstanding sinusoidal infiltration and a prominent alveolar growth pattern, interspersed with occasional typical rhabdomyoblasts. The immunohistochemical results [desmin (+), myoglobin (+), myogenin (+), pan CK (-), synaptophysin (-), neuron specific enolase (-)] supported a confirmative diagnosis of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is a representative sarcoma, which typically manifests with nodal metastasis and carcinoma-like clustering. The cytopathologist should remain alert upon encountering unusual morphology, so that the possibility of this condition, although somewhat remote, should not be dismissed or overlooked.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2016

The olfactory system is an important model for the study of neuronal degeneration and regeneration, including neuronal diseases. When the olfactory sensory neurons are damaged by nerve injury or are exposed to environmental factors, they degenerate and are replaced by regenerating neurons. To monitor neuronal degeneration in living animal, we established an olfactory-specific GFP transgenic zebrafish. The effects of Triton X-100 or sodium acetate on the olfactory system were examined. A significant decrease in the number of GFP-positive olfactory sensory neurons was observed after chemical lesion. We found a recovery of GFP-positive neurons by 2 days posttreatment. From these results, we expect that further studies of olfactory degeneration and regeneration using this transgenic zebrafish will provide important advances for the study of neuronal degeneration and regeneration.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.118-125
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• 2017

Objectives : The aim of this study was to report the effect of Dangguijakyak-san and acupuncture on postviral olfactory disorder. Methods : Dangguijakyak-san extract granule was administered three times a day. Acupuncture was applied to 11 acupoints(EX-HN3, GV20, GV23 and both side of LI04. LR03, LI20, EX-HN8) for 15 minutes once a week. Results : The score of olfactory threshold test and TDI(Threshold-Discrimination-Identification) score increased by 3 points. The subjective sense of smell was improved for the substances that could not previoulsy be smelled. Conclusions : This study shows the possibility of using Dangguijakyak-san and acupuncture to treat postviral olfactory disorder.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.433-442
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• 2010

Purpose: Many authors reported about the posttraumatic nasal aesthetic complications. However, the studies for functional or intranasal complications are not enough yet. We identified relatively high prevalence of nasal obstruction and olfactory dysfunction in nasal synechiae, and the synechiae formation was a frequently occurred after the nasal bone reduction. And then, the aim of this study is to identify the usefulness of the treatment of intranasal synechiae. Methods: We reviewed the data from 10 patients with symptomatic intranasal synechiae from June 2007 to June 2009. We enforced evaluation with preoperative CT in all patients but postoperative CT within complicated patients. We studied 10 patients with intranasal synechiae who had persistence postoperative symptoms. We studied the patients who were operated by removal of synechiae and ancillary surgical treatments in the last two years. Results: In the previous report, the incidence of intranasal synechiae was 15% (n=62) and symptomatic synechiae was 16% (10/62). We classified the nasal bone fracture according to Stranc classification. In this paper, the incidence of treated intranasal synechiae was 13% (2/15) in Frontal Impact (FI) Type I, 11% (2/18) in FI Type II, 100% (2/2) in FI Type III, 0% (0/2) in Lateral Impact (LI) Type I, 25% (3/12) in LI Type II, and 33% (1/3) in LI Type III, respectively. After removal of synechiae, all patients improved nasal obstruction and little improved olfactory disturbance. Conclusion: Simple removal of synechiae by scissors improved postoperative symptoms and complications such as nasal obstruction and olfactory dysfunction. After removal of synechiae, all patients improved nasal obstruction, however, little improved anosmia. So, we thought that olfactory dysfunction may result in many intranasal factors. First of all, education of delicate procedure regarding this subject should be empathized accordingly.