• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제89권3호
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• pp.414-421
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• 2000

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 경기도 포천군 소흘면에 소재한 23년생(年生)의 방크스소나무 인공림(人工林) 임분(林分)을 대상으로 연년(連年) 재적생장량(材積生長量)과 재적생장율(材積生長率)을 구명(究明)하고 현실(現實) 임분축적(林分蓄積)을 파악(把握)함과 동시에 연년(連年) 재적생장량(材積生長量)을 구명(究明)하므로서 년간 벌채량(伐採量)의 조절(調節)을 합리적(合理的)으로 책정할 수 있으므로 적정(適正) 임목축적(林木蓄積)의 달성(達成) 및 유지(維持)를 위한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 제시(提示)코저 하였다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 재적생장량(材積生長量)을 합리적(合理的)으로 산출(算出)하기 위하여 표준지별(標準地別)로 흉고직경(胸高直徑), 수고(樹高), 수피후(樹皮厚)와 최근(最近) 10년동안의 core의 길이를 측정하였다. 이들의 측정치(測定値)을 이용하여 직경계별(直徑階別)로 연년(連年) 직경생장량(直徑生長量) 및 95%신뢰폭(信賴幅)의 재적생장량(材積生長量)을 산출(算出)하고 아울러 수고곡선식(樹高曲線式)을 유도(誘導)한 후 본(本) 식(式)을 이용(利用)하여 수고(樹高)값을 산출(算出)하였다. 재적표(材積表)를 이용한 재적산출(材積算出)은 본(本) 수고(樹高)값을 적용(適用)하였다. 본(本) 수종(樹種)의 재적생장관계(材積生長關係)를 구명(究明)한 결과(結果) 연년(連年) 재적생장율(材積生長率)은 7.7%이고 이의 추정오차율(推定誤差率)은 6.1%이었다. 재적(材積)은 ha당 $79.58m^3$이었고 연년(連年) 재적생장량(材積生長量)은 $6.13m^3$이었으며 이를 95%의 신뢰폭(信賴幅)으로 본다면 $5.77{\sim}6.51m^3$이었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 1983

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 삼림표본조사법(森林標本調査法)의 하나인 부차추출법(副次抽出法)을 적용(適用)하여 본교(本校) 가평연습림(加平演習林)의 II본반(本班)(20.80ha)에 집단적(集團的)으로 생유(生育)하고 있는 이령(異令) 소나무림을 대상(對象)으로 흉고부위(胸高部位)에서 core를 채취(採取)하여 최근(最近) 10년간(年間)의 연년(連年) 직경성장량(直徑成長量)의 증가(增加)를 조사분석(調査分析) 하였으며 동시에 이와 관련하여 년간(年間) 재적성장량(材積成長量)(율(率))을 구명(究明)하였던 바 이를 바탕으로 하여 목재수급계획(木材需給計劃)을 뒷받침 하기 위한 기초자료(基礎資料)의 산출방안(算出方案)을 제시(提示)코저 하였는네 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) 직경(直徑)과 직경성장량(直徑成長量)과의 회귀식(回歸式)은 $\hat{I}=0.5499+0.0101D$, 2) 직경성장량(直徑成長量)에 대한 신뢰폭(信賴幅)의 추정식(推定式)은 $S^2{\hat{I}}=0.00817(0.09538-0.00952D+0.00027D^2$), 3) 수고곡선식(樹高曲線式)은 $H=1.32376D^{0.77958}$, 4) 재적식(材積式)은 $V=0.0000622D^{1.6918}H^{1.1397}$, 5) 연년재적성장량(連年材積成長量)은 ha당 $5.4041m^3$이고 이의 신뢰한계치(信賴限界値)는 $5.6131{\sim}5.1984m^3$이었다. 6) 전림재적(全林材積)에 대(對)한 연년성장율(連年成長率)은 8.8%이었으며 이의 추정오차율(推定誤差率)은 3.9%이었다. 이상과 같은 연구결과로 미루어 볼 때 본(本) 연구(硏究)와 같은 방법(方法)으로 각 지방마다 수종별(樹種別)로 년간(年間) 성장량(成長量)이 구명(究明)되어질 수 있다고 보며 이렇게 되면 우리나라의 년간(年間) 임목성장량(林木成長量)을 무난히 파악할 수 있을 것으로 본다. 따라서 빈약(貧弱)한 임목축적(林木蓄積)을 보유(保有)하고 있는 우리나라의 현실성을 감안해 볼 때 과벌(過伐)을 피하고 합리적인 삼림보전(森林保全)을 위(爲)해서는 년간(年間) 임목벌채허용량(林木伐採許容量)은 년간(年間) 임목성장량(林木成長量)을 초과해서는 안될 것이다. 그러므로 합리적(合理的)인 목재수급계획(木材需給計劃)을 수립(樹立)하기 위해서는 년간(年間) 목재수요량(木材需要量)에 따라 먼저 년간(年間) 국내(國內) 벌채허용량(伐採許容量)이 년간(年間) 임목성장량(林木成長量)과 같은 양(量)이거나 이보다 적게 책정한 연후에 부족(不足)한 목재(木材)는 외국(外國)의 수입목재(輸入木材)로 충당(充當)하도록 하면 과학적(科學的)이고 합리적(合理的)인 목재수급계획(木材需給計劃)이 수립(樹立)될 것으로 보며 정부 당국의 산림자원(山林資源) 증진책(增進策)에도 매우 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2002

Seasonal and interannual variation of volume transport through the La-Perouse Strait were estimated using the difference of sea level observed at Krillion of Sakhalin, Russia, and Wakkanai of Hokkaido, Japan, during the period of 1975-1988. Historical sea level measurements between Russian and Japanese tide gauge data were normalized using an independent direct volume transport measurement. Volume transport from the East Sea (Sea of Japan) to the Sea of Okhotsk varied from -0.01 to 1.18 Sv with an annual mean value of 0.61 Sv. Monthly water transport rates showed a unimodal distribution with its maximum occurring in summer (August) and minimum in winter (December-February). The annual mean volume transport varied from 0.2 to 0.8 Sv during the period of 1975-1988 with the maximum variance of 0.6 Sv.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2015년도 학술발표회
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• pp.233-233
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• 2015

Vu Gia - Thu Bon basin is located in central Vietnam between Truong Son mountain range on the border with Lao in the west and the East Sea in the east. The basin occupies about 10,350 km2 or roughly 90% of the Quang Nam Province and includes Da Nang, a very large city with about 876,000 inhabitants. Total annual rainfall ranges from about 2,000 mm in central and downstream areas to more than 4,000 mm in southern mountainous areas. Rainfall during the monsoon season accounts for 65 to 80% of total annual rainfall. The highest amount of rainfall occurs in October and November which accounts for 40 to 50% of the annual rainfall. Rainfall in the dry season represents about 20 to 35% of the total annual rainfall. The low rainfall season usually occurs from February to April, accounting for only 3 to 5% of the total annual rainfall. The mean annual flow volume in the basin is $19.1{\times}109m 3$. Similar to the distribution of rainfall, annual flows are distinguished by two distinct seasons (the flood season and the low-flow season). The flood season commonly starts in the mid-September and ends in early January. Flows during the flood season account for 62 to 69% of the total annual water volume, while flows in the dry season comprise 22 to 38% of total annual run-off. The water volume gauged in November, the highest flow month, accounts for 26 to 31% of the total annual run-off while the driest period is April with flows of 2 to 3% of the total annual run-off. There are some hydropower projects in the Vu Gia - Thu Bon basin as the cascade of Song Bung 2, Song Bung 4, and Song Bung 5, the A Vuong project currently under construction, the Dak Mi 1 and Dak Mi 4 projects on the Khai tributary, and the Song Con project on the Con River. Both the Khai tributary and the Song Con join the Bung River downstream of SB5, although the Dak Mi 4 project involves an inter-basin diversion to Thu Bon. Much attention has recently been focused on the effects that climate variability and human activities have had on runoff. In this study, data from the Vu Gia - Thu Bon River Basin in the central of Viet Nam were analyzed to investigate changes in annual runoff during the period of 1977-2010. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and the Mann-Kendall-Sneyers test were used to identify trend and step change point in the annual runoff. It was found that the basin had a significant increasing trend in annual runoff. The hydrologic sensitivity analysis method was employed to evaluate the effects of climate variability and human activities on mean annual runoff for the human-induced period based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. This study quantitatively distinguishes the effects between climate variability and human activities on runoff, which can do duty for a reference for regional water resources assessment and management.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

The port throughput situation has changed since the 2008 financial crisis in the US. Therefore, we studied the situation, accurately estimating port traffic of Korean port after the 2008 financial crisis. We ensured the proper port facilities in response to changes in port traffic. In the results of regression analysis, Korean GDP and the real effective exchange rate of Korean Won were found to increase the container throughput in Korean and Busan port, as well as trade volume with China. Also, the real effective exchange rate of Korean Won was found to increase the port transshipment cargo volume. Based on the ARIMA models, we forecasted port throughput and port transshipment cargo volume for the next six years (72 months), from 2015 to 2020. As a result, port throughput of Korean and Busan ports was forecasted by increasing annual the average from about 3.5% to 3.9%, and transshipment cargo volume was forecasted by increasing the annual average about 4.5%.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2014

The purposes of this study were to explore differences in utilization of information sources depending on the length of buyers' career and annual sales volume of stores where buyers work for. The questionnaire was prepared by the researcher and was answered by 200 buyers who purchase their items from Dondaemun market. The researcher analyzed the data using both ANOVA and Tukey's test as a post-hoc test. The conclusion of this study is summarized below. First, there were significant differences in utilization of information sources among buyer groups depending on the length of buyers' career. The buyers with more than 10 years career showed more effective utilization of information source such as resident buying offices, manufacturers, trade publications, trade associations, fashion reports, celebrities, window shopping, professional magazines, and advice from others. Second, there were significant differences in utilization of information sources among buyer groups depending on annual sales volume of the stores where the buyers work for. The buyer who work for the store with its annual sales volume in excess of 2 billion won showed more effective utilization of information source such as trade association, professional magazines, sales record, want slips, advertising results, sales trends, customer surveys, sales meetings, customer advisory panel, in-store merchandising bureau and advice from other experienced buyers. However, buyers of the store with its annual sales volume lower than 100 million won showed different pattern utilization of information sources such as vendors, trade publication, celebrities and advice from others.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

The purpose of the study was to analyze differences in importance of product selection criteria of retail buyers in Dongdaemum market according to price line of products, annual sales volume of the company, and work period as a retail buyer. The study defined a retail buyer as a buyer who buys apparel products in Dongdaemum market for their own stores. The questionnaire developed by the researchers was distributed to 200 retail buyers in Dongdaemun market. One hundred seventy two questionnaires were used in the final analysis. The data were analyzed by common factor analysis, ANOVA, and Tukey's test using SPSS 18.0/Windows. The results showed that product selection criteria were classified into 4 factors: fashion design, price, quality, and assortment. There were significant differences in importance of product selection criteria by retail buyers in Dongdaemum market according to price line of products and annual sales volume of the company, and work period as a retail buyer. The buyers of higher price products showed higher importance in all four factors of the product selection criteria. Also, the buyers of the company with lower annual sales volume considered price factors more important, but the buyers of the company with higher annual sales volume thought quality factor more important. Moreover, the buyer with work period of less than three years regarded price as a more important factor.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2012

In this paper, performances of solar hot water supply systems are parametrically analyzed with the variations of solar collector area, slope of collector and volume of storage. All simulations are conducted by using TRNSYS computer program. Average solar fractions, collector efficiencies and temperatures of storage are investigated monthly as well as annually. For system analysis, the maximum value of monthly average solar fractions has a limitation of 90 percent. As a result, the designed solar thermal system with $6m^2$ collector area, $50^{\circ}$ slope and $0.36m^2$ storage volume could provide almost an annual average solar fraction of 72 percent. By increasing the storage volume to $0.42m^2$, the annual solar fraction of system increases up to 73 percent.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.345-357
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• 2023

The present study conducted a stem analysis to trace growth information of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and predict the future changes in growth volume. For this purpose, six L. kaempferi trees over 47 years old were cut at 1-2 m intervals from a height of 0.2 m, and circular plates of 5 cm thickness were collected for stem analysis. The analysis indicated that approximately 1-8 years are required to grow up to chest height. The annual height and diameter growth increased rapidly until the trees are 15 years old and gradually decreased after 20 years. The volume of 30-year-old trees in Oegam-ri forests, which were well-managed after artificial reforestation, was 0.4837 m³, whereas that in unmanaged Singi-ri forests was 0.1956 m³. Although the volume of individual trees differed greatly depending on the forest management status, it was found that the volume increased by 1.67-1.76, 2.49, and 3.49 times at 40, 50, and 60 years age, respectively, compared to the legal harvesting age 30. Therefore, factors such as the carbon dioxide reduction effect, forest management benefits, and the condition of trees at the site should be considered before harvesting trees.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2015

In Korea for 20 years(1993-2012), total number and average annual number of oil spills were 6,608 cases and total volume and average annual volume of oils spilt were $57,328k{\ell}$ and nearly $2,866k{\ell}/year$, respectively. The annual number of oil spills and annual amount of oil spilt tended to decrease with the lapse of year in Korea. As oil transportation worldwide continues to increase, many communities are at risk of oil spill disasters and must anticipate and prepare for them. Factors that influence oil spill consequences are myriad and rage from the biophysical to the social. In this paper, we analysed the emergency response systems and recovery apparatuses for oil spill accident in marine and proposed a developed oil diffusion apparatus which can be used to initial response stage by crew, and to extend golden times. This system can be minimized casualties for rescued people in disaster.