• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2024

Background: Lateral instability of the ankle is one of the most common causes of musculoskeletal ankle injuries. The peroneus longus (PL) and peroneus brevis (PB) contribute to ankle stability. In early rehabilitation, isometric exercises have been selected for improvement of ankle stability. To effectively train the peroneal muscles during eversion, it is important to consider ankle and body posture. Objects: This study aimed to compare activation of the PL, PB, and biceps femoris (BF) muscles during eversion in different ankle postures (neutral [N], plantarflexed [PF]) and body postures (sitting and side-lying). Methods: Thirty healthy individuals with no history of lateral ankle sprains within the last 6 months were included in the study. Maximal isometric strength of eversion and muscle activation were measured simultaneously. Muscle activation at submaximal eversion was divided by the highest value obtained from maximal isometric eversion among the four postures (percent maximal voluntary isometric contraction [%MVIC]). To examine the differences in muscle activation depending on posture, a 2 × 2 repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. Results: There were significant interaction effects of ankle and body postures on PL muscle activation and evertor strength (p < 0.05). The PL muscle activation showed a significantly greater difference in the side-lying and PF conditions than in the sitting and N conditions (p < 0.05). Evertor strength was greater in the N compared to the PF condition regardless of body posture (p < 0.05). In the case of PB and BF muscle activation, only the main effects of ankle and body posture were observed (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Among the four postures, the side-lying-PF posture produced the highest muscle activation. The side-lying-PF posture may be preferred for effective peroneal muscle exercises, even when considering the BF muscle.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.27-37
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• 2010

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of stepper exercise using lower extremity patterns of PNF(Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) on ankle muscle strength and balance ability of females in their twenties. Method : Twenty subjects participated in this experiment were carried out the exercise program dose of 5 days per week for 2 weeks. They were divided into two groups; using twist stepper group(lower extremity patterns of PNF group, n=10) and using straight stepper group(n=10). The effects of twist stepper and straight stepper were evaluated by measurements of normal standing(NSEO, NSEC), and dynamic type 1 and dynamic type 2, respectively. For each case, the experimental data were obtained about static balance in 3 items : mean X speed, mean Y speed and velocity moment, that of dynamic balance in 4 items : mean X speed, mean Y speed, time, distance. Results : The results of this study were as follows; 1) In straight stepper group, the statistically significants were significants were shown on right/left ankle muscle strength in case of dorsi-flexion. 2) In twist stepper group, the statistically significants were significants were shown on right/left ankle muscle strength in case of dorsi-flexion. 3) In straight stepper group, the statistically significants were significants were shown on right ankle muscle strength in case of plantar-flexion. 4) In twist stepper group, the statistically significants were significants were shown on right/left ankle muscle strength in case of plantar-flexion. Conclusion : The above results revealed that twist stepper exercise using lower extremity patterns of PNF was more effective than straight stepper exercise for improving the ankle muscle strength.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2024

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ankle strengthening and proprioceptor exercise, including gluteus-medius strengthening exercise, on ankle strength, dynamic and static balance, ankle function, and quality of life in 24 adults without ankle instability. Methods: After randomly classifying 12 people per group into the experimental group and the control group, Home-exercise rehabilitation program was conducted for a total of 2 weeks. The control group performed ankle strengthening and proprioceptor exercise 5 times a week for 15 minutes, and the experimental group was performed by adding 15 minutes of gluteus-medius strengthning exercise to the exercise performed by the control group. The SPSS 27.0 program was used for statistical analysis. Results: Both groups showed statistically significant differences in the plantar flexion muscle strength, Y-Balance test, side hop test, quality of life. But, only experimental group showed statistically significant differences dorsi-flexion muscle strength and hip abduction muscle strength. There was no statistical difference in comparison of difference values between groups. Conclusion: These exercises can provide useful home rehabilitation programs for sports populations seeking to prevent injury in sports.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.757-763
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of elasticity of taping on ankle muscles'activity and endurance after plyometric training that easily causes ankle injury, and provide baseline data for physical therapy intervention methods. The study subjects are 24 male students in their 20s who attend N University in Choongnam. They were divided into three groups; 8 subjects in the elastic taping group, 8 in the non-elastic taping group, and 8 in the non-taping group(control group). They had plyometric training for 6 weeks. After the training, this study measured their maximum voluntary isometric contraction(MVIC) and muscle endurance of the muscles around ankle joint. The experiment result is as follows. After the training, all three groups showed improvement in muscle strength and endurance. The elastic taping group showed insignificant improvement in muscle strength but significant increase in muscle endurance in plantarflexion. In dorsiflexion, both muscle strength and endurance increased significantly. The non-elastic taping group showed insignificant improvement in muscle strength but significant increase in muscle endurance in plantarflexion. Taping during plyometric training had a little or insignificant effect on muscle endurance and strength compared to the non-taping group.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2017

Purpose : There is no validated method for measuring the toe flexor strength that can isolate the intrinsic muscles of the foot from the extrinsic muscles. This study compared the hallux flexion force (HFF) and muscle activity in the foot and ankle according to ankle position [plantarflexion (PF), neutral, and dorsiflexion (DF)]. Method : The study enrolled 17 subjects. In the sitting position, the HFF and activities of the abductor hallucis (AbdH), tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius (GCM) muscles were measured using a digital dynamometer and a wireless electromyography system, respectively. Subjects were instructed to flex the great toe maximally in three different ankle positions. Three 5-second trials were performed to measure the HFF and muscle activities in each condition. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare the variables and paired t-tests with the Bonferroni correction were used for post-hoc pair-wise comparisons. The significance level was set at .016. Result : The HFF in DF was significantly greater than in any other ankle position (p<.01). The TA activity was greatest in ankle DF and that of the GCM was greatest in PF (both p<.01). However, there was no significant difference in AbdH activity according to ankle position. Conclusion : These results suggest that selective strength measurement of the foot intrinsic muscles in HFF should be performed with the ankle in the neutral position.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.225-233
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate changes of muscle strength, ROM and proprioceptive function as before & after ankle taping in soccer players. For this study fifteen sports club whose had no ankle injuries were volunteered. Methode : Fifteen healthy male in soccer players participated in this study. Biodex pro system3 was used to measure isokinetic muscle strengths at $60^{\circ}$/sec angular velocity. Performances of ankle joint were measured peak torque, total work, average power, total work. To measure proprioceptive function used goniometer. Results : 1. proprioceptive sensation error were significantly differences by before & after taping(p<.05). 2. Compare of total work of dorsi flexion plantar flexion weren't significantly differences by before & after taping(p>.05). 3. Compare of average power of dorsi flexion weren't significantly differences by before & after taping(p>.05). 4. Compare average power of plantar flexion were significantly differences by before & after taping(p<.05). 5. Compare average peak torque of dorsi flexion weren't significantly differences by before & after taping(p>.05). 6. Compare average peak torque of plantar flexion were significantly differences by before & after taping(p<.05). Conclusion : Taping can have propriocetive aberrative angular measure, power & peak torque of plantar flexion were significantly differences. But, total work of dorsi flexion plantar flexion and power & peak torque of dorsi flexion weren't significantly differences.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

The common features of walking in patients with stroke include decreased gait velocity and increased asymmetrical gait pattern. The purpose of this study was to identify important factors related to impairments in gait velocity and asymmetry in chronic stroke patients. The subjects were 30 independently ambulating subjects with chronic stroke. The subjects' impairments were examined, including the isokinetic peak torque of knee extensors, knee flexors, ankle plantarflexors, and ankle dorsiflexors. Passive and active ranges of motion (ROM) of the ankle joint, ankle plantarflexor spasticity, joint position senses of the knee and ankle joint, and balance were examined together. In addition, gait velocity and temporal and spatial asymmetry were evaluated with subjects walking at their comfortable speed. Pearson correlations and multiple regressions were used to measure the relationships between impairments and gait speed and impairments and asymmetry. Regression analyses revealed that ankle passive ROM and peak torque of knee flexors were important factors for gait velocity ($R^2=.41$), while ankle passive ROM was the most important determinant for temporal asymmetry ($R^2=.35$). In addition, knee extensor peak torque was the most significant factor for gait spatial asymmetry ($R^2=.17$). Limitation in ankle passive ROM and weakness of the knee flexor were major contributors to slow gait velocity. Moreover, limited passive ROM in the ankle influenced the level of temporal gait asymmetry in chronic stroke patients. Our findings suggest that stroke rehabilitation programs aiming to improve gait velocity and temporal asymmetry should include stretching exercise for the ankle joint.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1190-1194
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the complex ankle exercises on balance. 22 participants (male: 14, female: 8) with functional ankle instability were participated. Functional ankle instability was selected to be less than 24 points using the Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT) with people who had severe ankle sprain and then experiencing ankle giving way. A total of 20 minutes performed three times a week for four weeks with muscle strength and balance exercises. Muscle strengthening exercise was performed with Theraband, and balance exercise was performed with unstable support plates. Biodex balance system(R) was used to measure static and dynamic balance. The dynamic balance was selected in grade 2, 4, and 8. The static and dynamic balance (grade: 2, 4,and 8) balance was significantly decreased in anterior-posterior, and medial-lateral directions (p<.05). The instability was significantly increased after exercise (p<.05). These results suggest that complex exercises are beneficial to decreasing the functional ankle instability.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the effects of **the Thera-band exercise program on the lower extremities muscle strength and balance in rural female farmers. Method: The participants were 19 rural women age of 40 or over who were living in the area within the jurisdiction of a public health center in North Chung Province and who agreed to participate in the study. The Thera-band exercise program was implemented for 10 weeks from Jan 17. to Mar 31. 2005. Total time was 60 minutes, 5 times a week. Paired t-test was used to analyze the data using the SPSS program. Result: The results of study showed that thigh muscle strength(t= 6.718, p <.001) and the dynamic balance(t=4.934, p <.001) decreased significantly. Ankle muscle strength(t=-6.739, pp <.001) and static balance (t=-2.395, p=.025) increased significantly. Conclusion: The results suggest that the Thera-band exercise program could be effective in improving thigh muscle strength, ankle muscle strength, the static balance, and the dynamic balance of rural female farmers. Further study is needed to compare strength and balance before and after the exercise program and to use a control group for comparison. Also it is needed to do more study on the appropriate length of time that the intervention should be given in order to achieve maximum results.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.157-162
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• 2022

Total ankle arthroplasty has become a viable motion-preserving alternative to ankle arthrodesis, especially in the last two decades. Recent improvements have been achieved in the strength of implant design and surgical technique. Nevertheless, addressing preoperative deformities is essential for successful outcomes of total ankle arthroplasty. Residual malalignment can produce instability and edge loading, causing acceleration of polyethylene wear, followed by osteolysis and an increased risk of revision surgery. Therefore, the accompanying deformities and their correction techniques need to be comprehensively elucidated and understood. In this article, we provide a review of the application of total ankle arthroplasty in arthritis with coronal plane varus and valgus deformities.