• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.97-101
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• 1991

Six different O/W cream bases containing 4% ascorbic acid dipalmitate and two different O/W cream bases containing 1% ascorbic acid were prepared. Percutanceous absorption of ascorbic acid as well as safety were determined using rabbits. The stability of the creams was also tested at room temperature. Ascorbic acid concentrations in urines varied depending on the characteristics of cream bases used. The absorption of ascorbic acid was increased and sustained with the cream bases containing branched chain esters of fatty acid instead of natural oils used currently. The excretion level of ascorbic acid in urine was high with the cream base including nonionic surfactants and a small quantity of natural oils. The creams containing nonionic surfactants showed excellent stability, while those containing anionic surfactants were not stable in terms of pH, odor and coloring test at room temperature during six months. But, the two creams containing ascorbic acid were unstable. All the cream bases tested showed good safety.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.307-310
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• 2004

Micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) is a surfactant-based separation process and it can remove heavy metal ions from aqueous stream effectively. However, it is necessary to recover and reuse surfactants for economic feasibility because surfactant is expensive. Foam fractionation was investigated for both anionic and cationic surfactant recovery. Chelating agent such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was studied for the separation of heavy metals from surfactant solution. Anionic surfactants bound with heavy metals can be recovered by lowering pH (acidification). In this study, citric acid and imminodiacetic acid (IDA) were applied to release copper from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar solution and compared with EDTA. Precipitation of copper by ferricynide and sodium sulfide were also investigated. As a result, ca. 100 % of copper was released from SDS micellar solution by 5 mM of EDTA and citric acid. And 3.3 mM of ferricyanide formed precipitate with 82.7 % of copper. 5 mM of IDA and sodium sulfide released or formed precipitate 82.5 % and 58.9 % of copper, respectively. Citric acid is harmless to environments and ferricyanide precipitates with Cu easily. Therefore, it is considered that citric acid and ferricyanide have competiveness over a famous chelating agent, EDTA, for the separation of Cu from SDS solution.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.422-428
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• 2000

At present, analytical methods available for determining the amount of cationic surfactants(DSDMAC) on the fabrics are spectrophotometric method based on formation and extraction of the colored ion pair with anionic dye, radiochemical analysis and HPLC analysis. This study presents new analytical methods based on the formation of cationic surfactant(DSDMAC)-disulfine blue complex on the cotton fabric. Test methods for determining the amount of DSDMAC-disulfine blue complex on the cotton fabrics are measuring the reflectance of the colored fabric and the absorbance of the methanol solution of DSDMAC-disulfine blue complex extracted from dyed cotton fabric. Linear relationships between the K/S value of the fabric treated with DSDMAC followed by disulfine blue and the amount of DSDMAC sorbed by cotton fabric were obtained. Thus, the amount of DSDMAC sorbed by cotton fabric can be determined by K/S value of the fabric. DSDMAC-disulfine blue complex on the cotton fabric was extracted with methanol. The amount of DSDMAC sorbed by cotton fabric was estimated by measuring the absorbance of the methanol solution extracted from dyed cotton fabric.

• 공업화학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.109-117
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• 1996

음이온 계면활성제의 미셀을 이용하여 한외여과막에서의 금속이온의 제거 기술은 분리공정이 간단하고 상변화가 필요없어 폐수로부터 중금속과 작은 분자량의 분자들을 제거할 수 있는 최근에 발전된 기술이다. 임계미셀농도 이상에서 계면활성제 분자들은 서로 모이고 거대분자 또는 미셀을 형성한다. 양이온의 코발트 이온과 음이온 계면활성제 미셀과의 정전기적인 결합으로 크기가 커진 거대분자가 한외여과막에서 제거되었다. 막투과압력차는 한외여과막에서의 금속의 제거율에 비교적 작은 영향을 끼치는 반면 음이온 계면활성제와 금속염간의 비(S/M)는 상당한 영향을 끼쳤다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.339-346
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• 2014

To give a positive effect on dispersion behavior of high performance fibers $Vectran^{(R)}$ in water with reference to wet-laid nonwoven technology, 9 kinds of sulfonate type anionic surfactants were chosen to study. After dispersion experiment, the number and the area occupied by fibers in each sample were counted and figured to calculate the index of dispersion in conjunction with quadrat analysis. Similar tendency was observed in the results of two experiments. The sample without addition of any surfactant resulted in the most aggregated dispersion behavior. As the length of alkyl group attached to sulfonate increases, the sample shows more dispersed behavior. The sample with the surfactant having the aryl group and the longer alkyl group shows the most dispersed behavior and it can be seen with the naked eye as well.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.799-805
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• 2008

일반적으로 음이온계면활성제와 양이온계면활성제는 수용액상에서 침전하는 불용성복합물을 형성하기 때문에 상용성이 좋지 않다. 하지만 경우에 따라서 일부 음이온계면활성제와 양이온계면활성제의 1:1 molar complex (catanionic surfactant)는물에용해하면서비이온계면활성제와같이행동하기때문에유사비이온계면활성제복합물(pseudo-nonionic surfactant complex)이라고 부른다. 유사비이온계면활성제복합물은 일반적인 이온성계면활성제에 비해 보다 용이하게 계면에 배열되기 때문에 평형 및 동적 표면장력에서 우수한 계면활성효과를 나타낸다. 계면활성제의 친수성 head group에 polyhydroxyl group을 가진 디글리세릴계 양이온계면활성제인 diglyceryl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride(DGDAC)과 음이온계면활성제 sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)를 1:1 molar ratio로 수용액상에서 혼합하였을 경우 molecular interaction parameter ${\beta}^M$가 -17.2로 매우 강한 positive synergism을 보였으며. 평형 상거동과 현미경에 의한 실험결과는 이 DGDAC와 SDS의 혼합수용액은 single phase의 vesicle을 형성함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.632-640
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• 1997

Changes in surface properties and detergency of sunactant mixtures were investigated in order to study the optimum mixing ratio of anionic and nonionic surfactants by measuring surface tension, interfacial tension, suspendability, and emulsification as a Amction of mixing ratio. Also, surface tension and detergency of the surfactant mixtures were determined with the increase of water-hardness or temperature. The results were as follows: the addition of NPE to anionic surfactant solutions (LAS or SDS) by 0.1 mole fraction remarkably decreased surface tension. NPE (n=15)/anionic surfactant mixtures showed a synergistic effect in lowering interfacial tension and emulsification, but NPE (n=7.5)/anionic surfactant mixtures did not. In suspension stability, however, synergism appeared when LAS or 505 was mixed with both of NPE's. With respect to the hydrophile of NPE, NPE (n=15) was more effective than NPE (n=i.5) in improving suspension stability. Detergency of LAS/NPE mixture changed almost linearly with mixing ratio, but that of SDS/NPE mixture increased remarkably by the addition of 0.1 or 0.2 mole fraction of NPE at all temperatures. As the temperature increased, surface tension of surfactant mixtures decreased and detergency was improved, but their synergistic effect decreased. In hard water, the mixtures showed better detergency than single surfactuant solutions.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2008

중금속 오염 토양(Cd, Pb)에 대한 음이온성 계면활성제, AOS(alpha olefin sulfonate), SDS(sodium dodecyl sulfate) 및 LAS(linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid)의 중금속 추출능력을 평가하였다. 계면활성제의 pH와 탄소성분 개수가 중금속 추출율에 지대한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. LAS는 산성 pH에 의한 중금속 추출효과가 높게 나타났다. SDS는 탄소개수가 AOS에 비해 적지만 중금속 추출율이 보다 높게 나타난 것은 AOS에 비하여 SDS가 작은 크기 마이셀을 형성하기에 토양과의 접촉이 보다 원활하게 일어난 것으로 판단된다. 계면활성제에 음이온성 리간드(ligand) NaI을 첨가한 결과 중금속 추출율이 Cd의 경우 1.2-2.7배 증가하였다. 반면 Pb의 경우는 0.56-1.76배로 오히려 감소하였다. 이는 $I^-$ 이온과 Pb 사이에서 형성된 비수용성 화합물이 토양에 그대로 침전되기 때문이었다. 연속식 토양칼럼실험에서도 적은 탄소개수 및 마이셀의 크기를 가지는 SDS가 토양과의 접촉 및 용탈에 보다 효율적인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2002년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.187-190
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• 2002

Reductive dechlorination of endosulfans was studied with zero valent metals (ZVMs) and bimetals in aqueous batch reactors. The effect of surfactants was evaluated. Endosulfan was successfully dechlorinated with zero valent iron. However, a bimetal, palladium coated iron (Pd/Fe) showed a highly enhanced reactivity for both endosulfan I and II indicating palladium act as a dechlorination catalyst on the iron. The effect of surfactants on degradation with ZVM has been very controvertible. Variable concentration of a nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100 and an anionic surfactant, SDS were added into the reactor with ZVM. The reaction rates of endosulfan were increased with both surfactants. In the case of Triton X-100, the reaction rate was increased with the increasing surfactant concentration up to 400 mg/L. Addition of small amount of surfactant under the CMC, the reaction rate was increased. However, the enhancing effect was diminished when a higher concentration of surfactant (1,000 mg/L) was used. Current study implicate that the surfactant adsorbed on the metal surface might increase the surface concentration of endosulfan resulting in the increased reaction rate. However, partitioning of endosulfan into the micelle formed at the high concentration of surfactant diminish the enhancing effect by reducing the contact chance between target compound and the metal surface.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 양극 산화를 통해 얻어지는 다공성 니오븀 산화물 제조에 양이온 계면활성제인 Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB)와 음이온 계면활성제인 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)의 영향을 비교 관찰하였다. SDS가 전해질에 첨가되어 제조된 다공성 니오븀 산화 막은 표면에 장시간 용출이 발생하지 않았고, 계면활성제가 첨가되지 않고 제조된 다공성 니오븀 산화막의 두께와 비교 하였을 때 두께가 두 배 이상 증가된 값을 얻을 수 있었다. 하지만 CTAB가 전해질에 첨가되어 제조된 다공성 니오븀 산화물의 표면에는 용출이 일어났다. 이러한 차이점을 양성으로 대전된 니오븀산화물과 음이온/또는 양이온 계면활성제 사이의 상호작용에 근거하여 설명하였다.