• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.672-678
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• 2012

Colitis and constipation are the most common intestinal complaints worldwide. This study examined the beneficial effects of sea cucumber powder for TNBS-induced colitis in ICR mice(n=6/group) and loperamide-induced constipation in rats(n=8/group). Animals were divided into normal and four dried see cucumber treated groups that were named Nor, Con(0 mg/kg), GI(30 mg/kg), GII(100 mg/kg) and GIII(300 mg/kg). In order to induce colitis and constipation, 5% TNBS was injected into distal colon and loperamide (2 mg/kg, twice a day, peroral) was treated for 5 day in the four experimental groups but not the normal group. Gross finding score was decreased tendency by oral administration of sea cucumber in colitis-induced animal model, but colonic weight was not different. Excreted fecal pellet number, weight and water content were increased in the sea cucumber-treated group compared to the non-treated group. The fecal pellet number was reduced within distal colon of the sea cucumber-treated groups. Interestingly, intestinal transit length was increased compared to the non-treated group. Our results demonstrated that colitis and constipation were improved by sea cucumber treatment in the animal models. Specifically, gross finding score in TNBS-induced colitis model was improved by sea cucumber. After animals being fed sea cucumber, excreted fecal number, weight, water contents, and fecal number within distal colon and colonic transit length also get better in loperamide-induced constipation model.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.244-257
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• 2023

The study aimed to investigate the effect of low-frequency oscillations on the cow udder, milk parameters, and animal welfare during the automated milking process. The study's objective was to investigate the impact of low-frequency oscillations on the udder and teats' blood circulation by creating a mathematical model of mammary glands, using milkers and vibrators to analyze the theoretical dynamics of oscillations. The mechanical vibration device developed and tested in the study was mounted on a DeLaval automatic milking machine, which excited the udder with low-frequency oscillations, allowing the analysis of input parameters (temperature, oscillation amplitude) and using feedback data, changing the device parameters such as vibration frequency and duration. The experimental study was performed using an artificial cow's udder model with and without milk and a DeLaval milking machine, exciting the model with low-frequency harmonic oscillations (frequency range 15-60 Hz, vibration amplitude 2-5 mm). The investigation in vitro applying low-frequency of the vibration system's first-order frequencies in lateral (X) direction showed the low-frequency values of 23.5-26.5 Hz (effective frequency of the simulation analysis was 25.0 Hz). The tested values of the first-order frequency of the vibration system in the vertical (Y) direction were 37.5-41.5 Hz (effective frequency of the simulation analysis was 41.0 Hz), with higher amplitude and lower vibration damping. During in vivo experiments, while milking, the vibrator was inducing mechanical milking-similar vibrations in the udder. The vibrations were spreading to the entire udder and caused physiotherapeutic effects such as activated physiological processes and increased udder base temperature by 0.57℃ (p < 0.001), thus increasing blood flow in the udder. Used low-frequency vibrations did not significantly affect milk yield, milk composition, milk quality indicators, and animal welfare. The investigation results showed that applying low-frequency vibration on a cow udder during automatic milking is a non-invasive, efficient method to stimulate blood circulation in the udder and improve teat and udder health without changing milk quality and production. Further studies will be carried out in the following research phase on clinical and subclinical mastitis cows.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.205-211
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• 1987

Renal dysfunction can have pronounced effects on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of drugs. Because the exploration of these effects in patients may be limited by ethical and practical considerations, it often become necessary to perform studies on animals with experimental renal failure(ERF). ERF was produced in rats by the administration of uranyl nitrate, glycerol, salicylate, gentamicin and folate in this study. Changes in glomerular filtration rate(GFR) and renal secretion clearance of tetraethylammonium bromide$(CL^{scn}_{TEA})$, together with morphological changes of kidney cortex were evaluated and compared among ERF models. GFR(or glomeruli) and $CL^{scn}_{TEA}$(or renal tubules) were not damaged parallelly in some ERF model rats. Therefore, it seemed to be necessary to adjust dosage regimen of some basic drugs like TEA in renal dysfunction considering the functional changes of renal secretion in addition to glomerular filtration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.659-666
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• 2009

Metabolizable protein (MP) supply and amino acid balance in the intestine were manipulated through selection of highly digestible rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) sources and protected methionine (Met) supplementation. Four ruminallycannulated, multiparous Holstein cows averaging 193${\pm}$13 days in milk were used in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design to assess N utilization and milk production responses to changes in RUP level, post-ruminal RUP digestibility and protected Met supplementation. Treatments were A) 14.0% crude protein (CP), 8.0% rumen degradable protein (RDP) and 6.0% RUP of low intestinal digestibility (HiRUP-LoDRUP); B) 14.1% CP, 8.1% RDP and 6.0% RUP of high intestinal digestibility (HiRUP-HiDRUP); C) 13.1% CP, 7.9% RDP and 5.2% RUP of high intestinal digestibility (LoRUP-HiDRUP), and D) 13.1% CP, 7.9% RDP and 5.2% RUP of high intestinal digestibility plus rumen escape sources of Met (LoRUP-HiDRUP+Met). Experimental diets were formulated to have similar concentrations of RDP, net energy of lactation ($NE_L$), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), calcium, phosphorus and ether extract using the NRC model (2001). Results showed that dry matter intake (DMI), production of milk fat and protein were similar among treatments. Milk production was similar for diet HiRUP-LoDRUP, HiRUP-HiDRUP and LoRUP-HiDRUP+Met, and significantly higher than diet LoRUP-HiDRUP. Milk fat and protein percentage were higher for cows receiving HiDRUP treatments, with the greatest increases in the diet LoRUP-HiDRUP+Met. There was no significant change in ruminal pH, $NH_3g-N$ and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration among all treatments. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), CP, NDF and ADF and estimated bacterial CP synthesis were similar for all treatments. Nitrogen intakes, blood and milk urea-N concentrations were significantly higher for cows receiving HiRUP diets. Urine volume and total urinary N excretion were significantly lowered by LoRUP diets. Lowering dietary RUP level while supplementing the highly digestible RUP source with rumen escape sources of Met resulted in similar milk production, maximal milk fat and protein concentration and maximum N efficiency, indicating that post-ruminal digestibility of RUP and amino acid balance in the small intestine can be more important than total RUP supplementation.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2016

It has long been known that nutritional and environmental influences during the early developmental period affect the biological mechanisms which determine animal metabolism. This phenomenon, termed 'metabolic imprinting', can cause subtle but long-lasting responses to prenatal and postnatal nutrition and even be passed onto the next generation. A large amount of research data shows that nutrient availability, in terms of quantity as well as quality, during the early developing stages can decrease the number of newborn piglets and their body weight and increase their susceptibility to death before weaning. However, investigation of potential mechanisms of 'the metabolic imprinting' effect have been scant. Therefore, it remains unknown which factors are responsible for embryonic and early postnatal nutrition and which factors are major determinants of body weight and number of new born piglets. Intrauterine undernutrition, for example, was studied using a rat model providing dams 50% restricted nutrients during pregnancy and the results showed significant decreases in birth weight of newborns. This response may be a characteristic of a subset of modulations in embryonic development which is caused by the metabolic imprinting. Underlying mechanisms of intrauterine undernutrition and growth retardation can be explained in part by epigenetics. Epigenetics modulate animal phenotypes without changes in DNA sequences. Epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, chromatin modification and small non-coding RNA-associated gene silencing. Precise mechanisms must be identified at the morphologic, cellular, and molecular levels by using interdisciplinary nutrigenomics approaches to increase pig production. Experimental approaches for explaining these potential mechanisms will be discussed in this review.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2005

In the present study, we expected the anti-tumor effect by combined treatment of arsenic trioxide and interferon (IFN)-${\alpha}$ on murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LL2) cells through in vivo study. As a experimental model, LL2 cells ($1{\times}10^{6}$/mouse) were injected subcutaneously into the back region of mice. When the tumor volume reached $100mm^3$, mice were treated with 1 mg/kg arsenic trioxide, 50000 IU IFN-${\alpha}$, or arsenic trioxide and IFN-${\alpha}$. The development of tumor cells was significantly inhibited by combined treatment with arsenic trioxide and IFN-${\alpha}$. In arsenic trioxide and IFN-${\alpha}$ treated group, apoptotic index was reached a peak valve at 48 hr after the treatment and it was restored to approximately the control level at 8 days. Also, positive signals of Bax and Bad were increased at 48 to 96 hr and decreased at 8 day. Whereas, positive cells of Bcl-2 were steadily decreased at 12 to 48 hr and restored to the background level at 8 days. Our data showed that immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 was decreased at 12 to 48 hr, while positive signals of Bax and Bad were increased in accordance with apoptotic index at these times. In conclusion, our results suggest that the combined treatment with arsenic trioxide and IFN-${\alpha}$ significantly inhibited the growth of LL2 tumor cells and induced apoptosis through the up and down-regulation of Bcl-2 gene family.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2020

Objective: The goal of this study is to investigate whether peripheral axonal regeneration is affected by diabetes in experimental animals. Method: Sprague Dawely rat was injected with 45~50 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) to generate an animal model of diabetes. Three months after STZ injection, sciatic nerve (2 cm length) was removed and the same length of nerve segments from STZ-injected animal or from control animal (CTL) was transplanted into STZ-injected animals (STZ-STZ and STZ-CTL respectively). Similarly, sciatic nerve segments from STZ-injected animal or from control animal were grafted into the control animals (CTL-STZ and CTL-CTL respectively). All animals were sacrificed 2 weeks after transplantation. Sciatic nerve sections were prepared and subjected to immunofluorescence staining analysis. Results: Immunofluorescence staining for NF-200 showed that distal elongation of regenerating axons reached 40~80% of proximal neve in both CTL-STZ and CTL-CTL groups. However, distal elongation in both STZ-STZ and STZ-CTL groups were 20~60% of proximal nerve. Furthermore, measurement of axonal regeneration after immuno-staining with SCG10 showed that the scores of distal elongation relative to proximal nerve were 50~90% in CTL-CTL and CTL-STZ groups and 10-60% in STZ-CTL and STZ-STZ. Conclusions: Our data showed that the levels of axonal regeneration were not affected irrespective of whether they were from STZ- or CTL graft, but were greatly reduced when the nerves were transplanted into the STZ host.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국발생생물학회 2003년도 제3회 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
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• pp.103-103
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate an efficacy of in vitro differentiated human embryonic stem (hES, MB03) cells expressing Nurr1 in relief of symptomatic motor behavior of Parkinson's disease (PD) animal models MB03 was genetically modified to express Nurr1 protein and was induced to differentiate according to 2-/4+ protocol using retinoic acid and ascorbic acid. The differentiation-induced cells were selected for 10 to 20 days thereafter in N2 medium. Upon selection, cells expressing GFAP, TH, or NF200 were 38.8%, 11%, and 20.5%, respectively. in order to examine therapeutic effects of the differentiated cells in PD animal model, rats were unilaterally lesioned by administration of 6-kydroxydopamine HCI (6-OHDA) into medial forebrain region (MFB, AP -4.4 mm, ML 1.2 mm, DV 78 mm with incision bar set at -2.4 mm), as a reference to bregma and the surface of the skull. Confirmation of successful lesion by apomorphine-induced rotational behavior, differentiated cells were transplanted into the striatum (AP 1.0, ML 3.5, DV -5.0; AP 0.6, ML 2.5, DV -4.5). Improvements of asymmetric motor behavior by the transplantation were examined every two weeks after the surgery. In two weeks, numbers of rotation by the experimental rats were $-14.8 \pm 33.9%$ (P<0.05) of the number before transplantation, however, the ratio increased slightly to $13.6 \pm 56.3%$ in six weeks. In contrast, the ratio of sham-grafted animals ranged from 112.3+8.5% to 139.2+28.9% during the examination. Immunohistochemical studies further confirmed the presence, survival, migration, and expression of TH of the transplanted human cells.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2012

Two typical animal waste management practices, composting and stockpiling, were evaluated for their effect on the degradation of three veterinary antibiotics (VAs), chlortetracycline (CTC), tylosin (TYL), and monensin (MNS). The VAs were applied to horse manure plots subject to composting or stockpiling, and core samples were collected over a period of time. Selected buffer solutions were used to extract the VAs and analysis for concentration was conducted with solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) technique. The VAs demonstrated rapid dissipation within ten days followed by a gradual decrease in concentration until the end of the experimental period (141 days). All three VAs degraded more rapidly in the composting samples than in the stockpiling samples, particularly between 20 and 60 days of the observation period. Degradation of the three VAs generally followed a first-order kinetic model, and a fitted model with a calculated rate constant was determined for each treatment. TYL in composting showed the fastest degradation, with a calculated rate constant of $0.91day^{-1}$; the slowest degradation was exhibited by MNS in stockpiling, with rate constant of $0.17day^{-1}$. Calculated correlation coefficients ranged from 0.89 to 0.96, indicating a strong correlation between measured concentrations and fitted values in this study. Although concentration of TYL in composting treatment showed below detection limit during the test period, this study suggests that composting can reduce animal waste contaminants prior to field application as fertilizer.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.67-76
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• 1996

The methods that make Hantavirus grow consist of inoculation into the experimental animals and cultured cells. The cultured cells, such as Vero-E6 and A549 cells, have been usually used for isolation of the virus and the animals, such as mice and rats, are used for large scale preparation of the virus so far. Furthermore, the cell can be used to maintain the virus and assay the infectivity and the animals can be used for the experiment of viral pathogenicity and challenge for assessment of vaccine. Apodemus mice, the own natural host of the virus, has been used for challenge test of Hantaan virus. However it has been pointed out to difficult handling and breeding the animal in laboratory. Therefore, we attempted to establish a new animal model for challenge test at the time of isolation of Maaji virus which is a new hantavirus similar but distinct to Hantaan virus. In suckling hamster, the titer of Maaji virus and the lethality to mice of the virus were increased gradually in the titer and lethality through passage by intracerebral (IC) inoculation. We tried to re-adapt this brain virus to lung of weanling hamster. The brain passaged virus was inoculated into weanling hamster intramuscularly. Again, the titer of the virus in lung was also increased by continuous passage of this virus. This facts could regarded as adaptation to new environment in which the virus proliferates. To identity the virus passaged in hamster with Maaji virus, both of the virus passaged in hamster brain and lung were compared with Maaji virus (MAA-I) and Hantaan virus (HTN 76-118) by means of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and slingle strand conformation polymophism (SSCP). As a result, we conclude that Maaji virus could be adapted successfully to weanling hamster through this passage strategy. Utilizing this adapted Maaji virus strain, hamster model is able to be used for challenge test in hantaviral vaccinology and further experiments utilizing hamster system as a rather available and convenient lab animal are expected.