• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.1315-1328
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• 2004

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of octadecadienoic acid with two conjugated double bonds. Of more than a dozen isomers of CLA found naturally in dairy and meat products from ruminants, c-9, t-11 and t-10, c-12 are the two isomers with known physiological importance, including anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antilipogenic, and antiatherosclerotic effects. Positive effects of CLA on immune function and bone modeling have also been reported. In spite of the compelling findings in tissue cultures and experimental animal models, its effect, dose, and mechanism of action vis-à-vis specific isomers remains speculative. Results obtained from animal models are inconclusive and conflicting at times in humans, where the research data is limited. It appears that there is a long way to go before CLA could be accepted unequivocally as having definite effects in any or all of these physiological states and how such effects actually occur in humans. The objective of this review is to critically examine the available literature on potential health benefits of CLA observed in cell culture, animal models, and human subjects, wherever possible and to a certain extent the mechanism of action associated with these biological activities.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2024

Iris segmentation is an initial step for identifying the biometrics of animals when establishing a traceability system for livestock. In this study, we propose a deep learning framework for pixel-wise segmentation of bovine iris with a minimized use of annotation labels utilizing the BovineAAEyes80 public dataset. The proposed image segmentation framework encompasses data collection, data preparation, data augmentation selection, training of 15 deep neural network (DNN) models with varying encoder backbones and segmentation decoder DNNs, and evaluation of the models using multiple metrics and graphical segmentation results. This framework aims to provide comprehensive and in-depth information on each model's training and testing outcomes to optimize bovine iris segmentation performance. In the experiment, U-Net with a VGG16 backbone was identified as the optimal combination of encoder and decoder models for the dataset, achieving an accuracy and dice coefficient score of 99.50% and 98.35%, respectively. Notably, the selected model accurately segmented even corrupted images without proper annotation data. This study contributes to the advancement of iris segmentation and the establishment of a reliable DNN training framework.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2014

Xenograft models of human cancer play an important role in the screening and evaluation of candidates for new anticancer agents. The models, which are derived from human tumor cell lines and are classified according to the transplant site, such as ectopic xenograft and orthotopic xenograft, are still utilized to evaluate therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. The metastasis model is modified for the evaluation and prediction of cancer progression. Recently, animal models are made from patient-derived tumor tissue. The patient-derived tumor xenograft models with physiological characters similar to those of patients have been established for personalized medicine. In the discovery of anticancer drugs, standard animal models save time and money and provide evidence to support clinical trials. The current strategy for using xenograft models as an informative tool is introduced.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2011

A selection experiment for reduced residual feed intake (RFI) in Yorkshire pigs consisted of a line selected for lower RFI (LRFI) and a random control line (CTRL). Longitudinal measurements of daily feed intake (DFI) and body weight (BW) from generation 5 of this experiment were used. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of random regression (RR) and nonlinear mixed models to predict DFI and BW for individual pigs, accounting for the substantial missing information that characterizes these data, and to evaluate the effect of selection for RFI on BW and DFI curves. Forty RR models with different-order polynomials of age as fixed and random effects, and with homogeneous or heterogeneous residual variance by month of age, were fitted for both DFI and BW. Based on predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) and residual diagnostics, the quadratic polynomial RR model was identified to be best, but with heterogeneous residual variance for DFI and homogeneous residual variance for BW. Compared to the simple quadratic and linear regression models for individual pigs, these RR models decreased PRESS by 1% and 2% for DFI and by 42% and 36% for BW on boars and gilts, respectively. Given the same number of random effects as the polynomial RR models, i.e., two for BW and one for DFI, the non-linear Gompertz model predicted better than the polynomial RR models but not as good as higher order polynomial RR models. After five generations of selection for reduced RFI, the LRFI line had a lower population curve for DFI and BW than the CTRL line, especially towards the end of the growth period.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.12-21
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• 2019

Spinal cord contusion injury is one of the most serious nervous system disorders, characterized by high morbidity and disability. To mimic spinal cord contusion in humans, various animal models of spinal contusion injury have been developed. These models have been developed in rats, mice, and monkeys. However, most of these models are developed using rats. Two types of animal models, i.e. bilateral contusion injury and unilateral contusion injury models, are developed using either a weight drop method or impactor method. In the weight drop method, a specific weight or a rod, having a specific weight and diameter, is dropped from a specific height on to the exposed spinal cord. Low intensity injury is produced by dropping a 5 g weight from a height of 8 cm, moderate injury by dropping 10 g weight from a height of 12.5-25 mm, and high intensity injury by dropping a 25 g weight from a height of 50 mm. In the impactor method, injury is produced through an impactor by delivering a specific force to the exposed spinal cord area. Mild injury is produced by delivering $100{\pm}5kdyn$ of force, moderate injury by delivering $200{\pm}10kdyn$ of force, and severe injury by delivering $300{\pm}10kdyn$ of force. The contusion injury produces a significant development of locomotor dysfunction, which is generally evident from the $0-14^{th}$ day of surgery and is at its peak after the $28-56^{th}$ day. The present review discusses different animal models of spinal contusion injury.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2016

Objectives This study is to review the effect of pharmacopuncture on treatment of osteoporosis in animal models reported in korean domestic journals. Methods The databases (Koreantk, KISS, NDSL) were searched with term as osteoporosis, and animal study reports on osteoporosis with pharmacopuncture were reviewed. Animal model, intervention, and osteoporosis indicator were extracted. Results 22 articles were reviewed. 11 studies used ddy mouse and 9 studies used SD rat. 20 studies used ovariectomy to induce osteoporosis. 21 studies used simple pharmacopuncture. Cervi pantotrichum cornu was most frequently used pharmacopuncture and Umgok (KI10) was most frequently used acupuncture point. Each study shows significant changes of osteoporosis indicators. Conclusions Pharmacopuncture is expected to be a positive effect on osteoporosis.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2012

Minipigs are regarded as one of the most important laboratory animal in that anatomical and physiological properties are similar to human and their reproduction efficiency is relatively higher compared to other large animal species. Particularly, several diseases that cannot be mimicked in rodent models are successfully occurred or induced in pig models therefore it has been interested in a valuable model for human diseases. Pigs are also 'standard' species in xenotransplantation research. To maximize experimental outcome using minipigs, establishment and management of proper animal facility, right animal husbandry and control of pathogens are very important. In this review, we summarized several international guidelines related with minipigs published by several companies or governments and discuss optimal conditions for providing informative ideas to the researchers who want to use minipigs in their future studies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.317-324
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• 2004

The present study was conducted to investigate the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in cumulus expansion, oocyte mortality and meiotic maturation of porcine cumulus enclosed oocytes (CEOs) cultured in two different models when gonadotropins, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were presented or not. And the interaction between NO and $\beta$-mercaptoethanol ($\beta$-ME), a free radical scavenger was also investigated. Two models refer to spontaneous maturation model and hypoxanthine (HX) medium model. All the 3,433 eligible CEOs were incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ and the cumulus expansion, oocyte morphology and nuclear phase were evaluated 44 h after incubation. (1) In spontaneous maturation model, NO stimulates the cumulus expansion and $\beta$-ME delayed it. NO doesn't affect the oocyte meiotic resumption but inhibits the oocytes to develop to metaphase II. (2) In HX medium model, NO or $\beta$-ME doesn't affect the expansion in the absence of gonadotropins, but in the presence of gonadotropins, NO or $\beta$-ME inhibits the expansion. In the presence of gonadotropins, NO inhibits the oocyte meiotic resumption and it especially inhibits the oocyte to develop to metaphase II, and $\beta$-ME reverses such inhibitory effects. The cooperation of gonadotropins and $\beta$-ME stimulates the meiotic resumption and especially, promotes the CEOs to develop to metaphase II in both models. Moreover, HX might contribute to the fragility of oocyte zona pellucida and gonadotropins, nitric oxide and $\beta$-ME could alleviate it separately, and cooperatively. It is concluded that NO exerts different functions in two models and $\beta$-ME affected the functions of NO in different models.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2000

The objectives of this study of Hanwoo (Korean Cattle) were 1) to estimate genetic parameters for direct and maternal genetic effects for birth weight, weaning weight, and six months weight which can be used for genetic evaluations and 2) to compare models with and without grandmatemal effects. Data were obtained from the National Livestock Research Institute in Rural Development Administration (RDA) of Korea and were used to estimate genetic parameters for birth weight (BW, n=10,889), weaning weight at 120-d (WW, n=8,637), and six month weight (W6, n=8,478) in Hanwoo. Total number of animals in pedigrees was 14,949. A single-trait animal model was initially used to obtain starting values for multiple-trait animal models. Estimates of genetic parameters were obtained with MTDFREML using animal models and derivative-free REML (Boldman et al., 1995). Estimates of direct heritability for BW, WW, and W6 analyzed as single-traits were 0.09, 0.03, and 0.02 from Model 3 which included direct and maternal genetic, maternal permanental environmental effects, and effects due to sire ${\times}$ region ${\times}$ year-season interaction, respectively. Ignoring sire ${\times}$ region ${\times}$ year-season interaction effect in the model (Model 2) resulted in larger estimates for direct heritability than for Model 3. Estimates of maternal heritability for BW, WW and W6 were 0.04, 0.05, and 0.07 from Model 3, respectively. The estimates of direct-maternal genetic correlation were positive for BW, WW, and W6 with Model 3 but were negative with Model 2 for WW and W6. Estimates of direct genetic correlations between BW and WW, BW and W6, and WW and W6 were large: 0.52, 0.45, and 0.90, respectively. Genetic correlations were also large and positive for maternal effects for BW with maternal effects for WW and W6 (0.69 and 0.74), and even larger for WW with W6 (0.97). The log likelihood values were the same for models including grandmatemal effects as for models including maternal effects for all traits. These results indicate that grandmatemal effects are not important for these traits for Hanwoo or that the data structure was not adequate for estimating parameters for a grandmatemal model.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

본 연구는 국내 국가단위 평가결과의 문제점을 해결하면서 유전 능력평가시스템을 고도화하고 우리나라가 국제유전평가에 참여하기 위하여 국제평가기구에서 요구하는 검증작업을 통과하기 위하여 수행하였다. 본 연구에 이용된 자료는 농협중앙회 젖소개량부에서 수집한 분만일이 2001년부터 2009년까지의 검정성적으로 총 1,416,589개이며 산차는 5산으로 제한하였으며, 누적착유일은 75~305일로 제한하였고, 전체 혈통자료는 2,279,741개이며 부모를 갖는 개체는 535,409개이고 아비소는 2,467두로 구성되어 있는 기록들을 이용하였다. 유량, 유지방, 유단백에 대한 육종가는 신규로 개발한 다형질모형(Multiple traits model)을 이용하여 육종가를 구하였으며 기초작업은 SAS version 9.2와 R프로그램을 이용하였으며 유전모수를 추정하기 위하여 VCE 6.0을 이용하였다. 전반적으로 유전적 추세는 꾸준히 지속되어 오고 있으며 산차별 차이가 두드러지게 나타나지는 않았다. 유지방을 제외하고 유량과 유단백 형질의 추세가 잘 추정되었음을 알 수 있다. 유전평가분석결과 상위 1000두의 랭킹안에 최근의 생년을 갖는 딸소가 기존에 사용한 모수로 분석한 결과보다 딸소가 증가했음을 알 수 있다. 국제유전평가모형을 통해 새로 평가한 결과 씨수소상위 100두를 기존 평가모형에 의한 평가결과와 비교했을 때, 2006년생은 23두에서 28두로 2007년생은 12두에서 20두로 2008년생은 2두에서 8두로 증가하였다. 이는 최근의 딸소나 씨수소의 유전능력이 우수함에도 불구하고 상위에 랭크되지 못했던 결과가 새 모형의 적용으로 보완하여 새로운 평가분석에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 기존의 단형질 모형 대신 다형질 모형을 이용한 분석방법으로 평가를 실시하고 국제유전평가에도 다형질 모형을 이용한 육종가를 제시함으로써 다형질 선발의 정확도가 향상될 수 있을 것이다.