• 설비공학논문집
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.698-706
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• 2006

Experiment and numerical calculation have been peformed to investigate mixed convection heat transfer between inclined parallel plates. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) with thermo-sensitive liquid crystal (TLC) tracers is used for visualizing and analysis. This method allows simultaneous measurement of velocity and temperature fields at a given instant of time. Quantitative data of the temperature and velocity are obtained by applying the color-image processing to a visualized image, and neural network is applied to the color-to-temperature calibration. The governing equations are discretized using the finite volume method. The results are presented for the Reynolds number ranges from 0.004 to 0.062, the angle of inclination, ${\Theta}$, from 0 to 45 degree and Prandtl number of the high viscosity fluid is 909. The results show velocity, temperature and mean Nusselt numbers distributions. It is found that the periodic flow of mixed convection between inclined parallel plates is shown at $0^{\circ}{\leq}{\Theta}<30^{\circ}$, Re<0.062, and the flow pattern can be classified into three patterns which depend on Reynolds number and the angle of inclination. The minimum Nusselt numbers occur at Re=0.05 regardless of the angle of inclination.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.56-60
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• 2023

In this study, we evaluate the anisotropic flow of droplets according to the directionality of asperities. We manufacture a mold with an inclined hole by adjusting the jig angle using a high-power diode laser. Using the manufactured mold, we prepare specimens for wettability studies by the micro molding technique. We fabricate twelve kinds of surfaces with micro-asperities inclined at 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45° for asperity pitches of 100 ㎛, 200 ㎛, and 300 ㎛. We evaluate the static and dynamic behaviors of the droplets as a function of the asperities pitch and inclination angles. The anisotropic effect increases as the pitch increases between asperities, and the anisotropic flow characteristics increase as the inclination angle of the asperities increases. On the surface with hole pitches of 100 ㎛ and 200 ㎛, the contact angle of the droplet shows high hydrophobicity at approximately 160°, but on the surface with the 300-㎛ hole pitch, the contact angle is approximately 110°, indicating that the hydrophobic effect rapidly reduces. Additionally, when the inclination angle of the asperities is approximately 30°, the left and right contact angle deviations of the droplet are the lowest, showing that the roll-off angle is relatively low.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.106-111
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• 1998

In this paper,to know sedimentation efficiency compared with sedimentation efficiency's experiment result by general and inclination plate settler, its and fin stick of inclination plate. Experiment result is inclination plate settler increase sedimentation efficiency's 6.96% than general settler, When fin stick of inclination plate is the optimum condition of one side, inclination plate's angle $60^{\circ}$, fin's width 67mm, fin's interval 200mm, sedimentation efficiency of many experimental condition increase 6.63% than inclination plate settler. A studdy on the site plottage through the result, Water inclination plate settler of the present's application reduce 30% of its than general settler. According to the above statements, fin stick of inclination plate's sedimentation efficiency is 0.95 times of inclination plate settler's. Concluding remarks, Fin stick of inclination plate reduce 28.5% of its than inclination plate settler.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.601-609
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• 1998

한국인에 적합한 preadjusted bracket을 개발하기 위하여 한국인 성인 정상 교합자 14명을 대상으로 crown angulation, inclination, in and out, molar offset angle을 구했다. 정상 교합자 14명의 cast를 3차원 스케닝한 후 스케닝한 모델을 대상으로 컴퓨터 프로그램을 이용하여 측정하였다. 이는 기존의 모델을 직접 수작업으로 측정할 때보다 정확하고 빨리 측정할 수 있었다. 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 한국인 정상교합자의 각 치아의 치축 경사(angulation), 치관 경사도(inclination), in and out, molar offset angle을 구하였다. 2. 3차원 스케너와 컴퓨터를 이용하여 측정하였기 때문에 보다 정확하고, 빠르게 측정할 수 있었다.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.52-58
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• 2009

Turbulent flow past an inclined square cylinder immersed in a cross stream is numerically investigated. The angle of incidence of main flow is one of the key factors determining at which edges the flow separates. In the present study, based on comprehensive numerical simulations, effects of inclination angle on the flow characteristics are elucidated and the related physical explanation is presented.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2014

There have distinctly been no the installation criteria and maintenance management of BIPV systems, although the BIPV market is consistently going on increasing. In addition, consideration of the BIPV generation quantity which has been installed at several diverse places is currently almost behind within region in Korea. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to evaluate the BIPV generation and to be base data of reducing rate depending on regional installation angles using PVpro which was verified by measured data. Various conditions were an angle of inclination and azimuth under six major cities: Seoul, Daejeon, Daegu, Busan, Gwangju, Jeju-si for the BIPV system generation analysis. As the results, Seoul showed the lowest BIPV generation: 1,054kWh/kWp.year, and Jeju-si have 5percent more generation: 1,108.0kWh/kWp.year than Seoul on horizontal plane. Gwangju and Daejeon turned out to have similar generation of result, and Busan showed the highest generation: 1,193.5kWh/kWp.year, which was increased by over 13percent from Seoul on horizontal plane. Another result, decreasing rate of BIPV generation depending on regional included angle indicate that the best position was located on azimuth: $0^{\circ}$(The south side) following the horizontal position(an angle of inclination: $30^{\circ}$). And the direction on a south vertical position(azimuth: $0^{\circ}$, an angle of inclination: $90^{\circ}$) then turned out reducing rate about 40percent compared with the best one. Therefore, these results would be used to identify the installation angle of the BIPV module as an appropriate position.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.482-491
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• 2007

Statement of problem: The screws of dental implant, having various thread types, can be categorized into different classes by their geometrical form, and each type transmits dissimilar amount and form of stress to alveolar bone. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find an inclination angle of the screw thread that is favorable in distributing the stresses to alveolar bone. Material and methods: In this study, We used three dimensional finite element analysis with modeling having three types of thread inclination angles and fixed pitch-0.8 mm (single thread type with $3.8^{\circ}$ inclination, double thread type with $7.7^{\circ}$ inclination, triple thread type with $11.5^{\circ}$ inclination). Results: The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. When the number of thread increased, the amount of Von-Mises stress was reduced since the generated stress was effectively distributed. 2. Since the maximum principal stress affects on the alveolar bone can influence deeply on the longevity of the implants when comparing the magnitude of the maximum principal stress double thread had least amount of stress. This shows that the double thread screw gave best result. Conclusion: In conclusion, double, and triple thread screws were found to be more effective on distribution of the stress than the single thread screws. But, increasing in the thread inclination angle such as triple thread screw relate on the magnitude of the maximum principal stress affecting on the alveolar bone can become problematic. Thus, effective combination of thread number and thread inclination angle can help prolonging the longevity of implant.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.32-32
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• 2017

To increase rice production, manipulating plant architecture, especially developing new high-yielding cultivars with erect leaves, is crucial in rice breeding programs. Leaf inclination angle determines the light extinction coefficient (k) of the canopy. Erect leaves increase light penetration into the canopy and enable dense plantings with a high leaf area index, thus increasing biomass production and grain yield. Because of erect leaves, the high-yielding indica rice cultivar 'Takanari' has smaller k during ripening than 'Koshihikari', a japonica cultivar with good eating quality. In our previous study, using chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from a cross between 'Takanari' and 'Koshihikari', we detected seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for leaf inclination angle on chromosomes 1 (two QTLs), 2, 3, 4, 7, and 12. In this study, we developed a near-isogenic line (NIL-3) carrying a 'Takanari' allele for increased leaf inclination angle on chromosome 3 in the 'Koshihikari' genetic background. We compared k, dry matter production, and grain yield of NIL-3 with those of 'Koshihikari' in the field from 2013 to 2016. NIL-3 had higher inclination angles of the flag, second, and third leaves at full heading and 3 (- 4) weeks after full heading and smaller k of the canopy at the ripening stage. Biomass at full heading and leaf area index at full heading and at harvest did not significantly differ between NIL-3 and 'Koshihikari'. However, biomass at harvest was significantly greater in NIL-3 than in 'Koshihikari' due to a higher net assimilation rate at the ripening stage. The photosynthetic rates of the flag and third leaves did not differ between NIL-3 and Koshihikari at ripening. Grain yield was higher in NIL-3 than 'Koshihikari'. Higher panicle number per square meter in NIL-3 contributed to the higher grain yield of NIL-3. We conclude that the QTL on chromosome 3 increases dry matter and grain production in rice by increasing leaf inclination angle.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.797-816
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• 2014

Cooling tower is analyzed as an assembly of layered nonlinear shell elements. Geometric representation of the shell is enabled through layered nonlinear shell elements to define the different layers of reinforcements and concrete by considering the material nonlinearity of each layer for the cooling tower shell. Modal analysis using Ritz vector analysis and nonlinear time history analysis by direct integration method have been carried out to study the effects of the inclination of the supporting columns of the cooling tower shell on its dynamic characteristics. The cooling tower is supported by I-type columns and ${\Lambda}$-type columns supports having the different inclination angles. Relevant comparisons of the dynamic response of the structural system at the base level (at the junction of the column and shell), throat level and at the top of the tower have been made. Dynamic response of the cooling tower is found to be significantly sensitive to the change of the inclination of the supporting columns. It is also found that the stiffness of the structure system increases with increase in inclination angle of the supporting columns, resulting in decrease of the period of the structural system. The participation of the stiffness of the tower in structural response of the cooling tower is fund to be dependent of the change in the inclination angle and even in the types of the supporting columns.

• 한국마린엔지니어링학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회 논문집(Proceeding of the KOSME 2000 Spring Annual Meeting)
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• pp.153-158
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• 2000

Flow visualization and PIV measurements were conducted to investigate the flow characteristics of multi-channel with inclination angle. The water flow seeded with tiny vegetable powder as tracers revealed details of flow field. The PIV measurement to acquire multi-point velocity data simulatneously was carried out at three space of plates for 5, 10, and 15mm with variation of inlet flow rates of $0.25m^3/h$ and <$0.5m^3/h.$ Experiment results show that space of plates acts a significant role in separating process.