• BMB Reports
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.239-243
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• 2002

Angiotensin I that converts the enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide, Gly-Pro-Leu, previously purified and identified from the Alaskan pollack skin gelatin hydrolysate, were synthesized. In addition, the peptides Gly-Leu-Pro, Leu-Gly-Pro, Leu-Pro-Gly, Pro-Gly-Leu, Pro-Leu-Gly, Gly-Pro, and Pro-Leu, which consisted of glycine, proline, and leucine, were synthesized by the solid-phase method. The $IC_{50}$ values of each tripeptide - namely Leu-Gly-Pro, Gly-Leu-Pro, Gly-Pro-Leu, Pro-Leu-Gly, Leu-Pro-Gly, and Pro-Gly-Leu - were 0.72, 1.62, 2.65, 4.74, 5.73, and $13.93{\mu}M$, respectively. The ACE inhibitory activity of these tripeptides was higher than that of dipeptides, such as Gly-Pro and Pro-Leu with $IC_{50}$ values of 252.6 and $337.3\;{\mu}M$, respectively. Among the tripeptides, Leu-Gly-Pro and Gly-Leu-Pro had higher inhibitory activity than Gly-Pro-Leu that was isolated from the Alaskan pollack skin gelatin hydrolysate. Among the different types of tripeptides that were examined, the highest ACE inhibitory activity was observed for Leu-Gly-Pro. It had the leucine residue at the N-terminal and proline residue at the C-terminal.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.321-329
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• 1993

The present study was conducted to elucidate the body modulating function of fermented seafood products. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) acts in blood pressure regulation, converting angiotensin I to the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and inactivating the vasodilator bradykinin to raise blood pressure. Salted and fermented anchovy which is one of the traditional fermented seafood in Korea was tested for inhibitory activity against ACE. ACE inhibitory activity of salted anchovy during the period of fermentation was increased with the elapse of fermentation days until fermentation of 60 days, but thereafter decreased inversely. When the fermented product was extracted with $50\%$ ethanol, the ACE inhibitory activity was the highest. And the ACE inhibitory activity was proportion to the content of $50\%$ ethanol soluble peptide-nitrogen of the fermented product. From the profiles of gel permeation chromatography on a Bio-Gel P-2 of $50\%$ ethanol soluble fraction obtained from salted and fermented anchovy fermented for 60 days at an ambient temperature, the higher activity fractions were C'($IC_{50}=97{\mu}g\;protein/ml$) and D'($IC_{50}=65{\mu}g\;protein/ml$). Amino acid analysis showed that the large quantify of threonine, glutamic acid, lysine for C' and serine, proline for D', respectively.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.43-47
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• 2011

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a vital enzyme in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and there are literature reports describing its relationship between the ACE polymorphism and muscular strength, muscular endurance and flexibility. The purpose of this study is to identify the distribution of the ACE gene polymorphism among individual golfers and the relationship between different golfers group. We analyzed the ACE gene polymorphism to study the individual differences among professional golfers (n=35), junior golfers (n=30) and general golfers (n=25). Genotype frequencies of DD, ID and II in total golfers (n=90) were 16.7%, 52.2% and 31.1% respectively. In professional golfers, the frequencies of DD, ID and II were 25.7%, 45.7% and 28.6% respectively. The frequency of DD genotype in professional golfers was higher than in junior golfers and in general golfers, but the II genotype in professional golfers was lower than in other groups. In conclusion, these data suggest that the capability and power of golf exercise are associated with the hereditary characteristics of the ACE polymorphism.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2014

In this study, the biological activity of water and ethanol extracts from Saururus chinensis by ultra-fine grinding for functional food source are examined. It is more effective to use ethanol than water when extracting phenolic compounds. Approximately 2.5 times higher extraction yield were shown when it was ultra-fine grinded because the particle size decreases, thereby increasing the extraction yield. Normal grinded sample extracts showed 69.8% of DPPH inhibition effect, while fine grinded and ultra-fine grinded sample extracts showed 70.7% and 83.8% each, respectively. Normal extract, as well as fine grinded and ultra-fine grinded extracts, showed over 97% of ABTS inhibition effect, thereby indicating only a slight difference in the anti-oxidative activity with the grinding method. Higher PF was determined with fine grinded and ultra-fine grinded extracts than the normal grinded extract, while ultra-fine grinded 50% ethanol extracts showed the highest anti-oxidative activity value of 1.8 PF. The fine grinded and ultra-fine grinded particle sizes are smaller than the normal grinded particle size, thus increasing the inhibition rate of the TBARS. Furthermore, the ethanol extract was revealed to have a higher effect than the water extracts. The xanthin oxidase inhibition, on the other hand, was identified as ultra-fine grinded that led to the increase in the enzyme inhibition effect. In the angiotensin-converting enzyme, water extracts with normal grinding did not show inhibition activity, while 50% ethanol extracts showed 24% inhibition activity. Moreover, the ethanol extracts showed higher inhibition effect compared to the water extracts. Ultra-fine grinded 50% ethanol extracts showed a slight antibacterial effect on the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while the other extracts showed none. The result suggests that Saururus chinensis extracts by ultra-fine grinding may be more useful than normal grinding as potential sources due to anti-oxidation, angiotensin converting enzyme and xanthine oxidase inhibition.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2009

Gelatin hydrolysates with a high inhibitory activity against angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) were fractionated from Alaska pollock surimi refiner discharge. The ACE-inhibitory activity, expressed as $IC_{50}$ (mg/mL), was highest (0.49 mg/mL) in gelatin hydrolysates formed by sequential 2-hr treatments of Pronase and Flavourzyme. After fractionation through four different membrane filters with molecular weight cut-offs of 3, 5, 10, and 30 kDa, the highest ACE-inhibitory activity (0.21 mg/mL) was observed with the 3-kDa filtrate.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2007

Objectives: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism has been reported to be associated with depression and therapeutic outcome in depression. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ACE gene polymorphism is associated with seasonal variation in mood and behavior in a young Korean college student sample. Methods: 297 young Korean medical students were recruited in this study. All subjects were free of major medical and psychiatric problems. They were genotyped for the ACE gene polymorphism and evaluated the seasonal variation in mood and behavior by the Seasonality Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). Results: Global Seasonality Score (GSS) of SPAQ between three genotypes were not different. However, comparison of the group that showed seasonality of mood and behavior during winter with the group that did not showed seasonality indicated significant difference in genotype distribution ($x^2=6.79$, p=0.034). The D allele non-carrier (ll genotype) frequency was significantly higher in winter seasonality group than non-seasonality group ($x^2=6.59$, p=0.010；odds ratio [OR]=2.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-4.28). Conclusion: These results suggest that the ACE gene polymorphism is related to winter-type seasonality in a Korean population.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2002

An angiotensin I-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1) (ACE), which can convert inactive angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor, is one of the key enzymes in controlling hypertension. It is suggested that the inhibition of ACE prevents hypertension, and many inhibitory peptides have already been reported. In the current study, oligonucleotides encoding ACE inhibitory peptides (IY, VKY) were chemically synthesized and designed to be multimerised due to isoschizomer sites (BamHI, BglII). The cloned gene named AP3 was multimerised up to 6 times in pBluescript and expressed in BL2l containing pGEX-KG. The fusion protein (GST-AP3) was easily purified with a high recovery by an affinity resin, yielding 38 mg of synthetic AP3 from a 1-1 culture. The digestion of AP3 by chymotrypsin exhibited an $IC_50$ value of $18.53{\mu}M$. In conclusion, the present experiment indicated that AP3 could be used as a dietary antihypertensive drug, since the potent ACE inhibitory activity of AP3 could be activated by chymotrypsin in human intestine.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.182-182
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• 1994

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)을 비가역적으로 불활성화시킴으로써 오랫동안 작용할 수 있는 고혈압치료제로서의 ACE억제제를 개발하기 위하여pseudomechanism-based inhibition이라는 새로운 억제기전을 가질 것으로 추정되는 아래 그림과 같은 기본 분자구조를 갖는 epoxide 유도체들을 합성하여 in vitro에서 ACE활성 억제효과를, HPLC법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 그 결과 합성되어진 epoxide 유도체들은, epoxide group대신에 sulfhydryl 또는 carboxyl group으로 치환되어져 있는 기존의 ACE 억제제들보다도 효능이 현저히 저하됨으로써, ACE의 $Zn^{2+}$ binding site와는 배위결합력이 미약하다는 것을 의미하여 준다. 또한 유도체들의 phenylring에 chloride, hydroxyl, nitro group과 같은 polar group 의 도입으로 말미암아 ACE 억제효과가 저하됨으로써 이 부위에서의 hydrophobic interaction이 ACE를 억제하는데 중요하다는 것을 시사해 주며 이외에도 이미 알려진 바와같이 carbonyl carbon과 인접한 carbon atom에 methyl group의 도입이 억제효과에 중요한 역활을 하였다. 따라서 향후에는 ACE의 $Zn^{2+}$ binding site와 강력한 배위결합을 하는 carboxyl group을 도입하고 epoxide의 위치를 변경시키며 또한 hydrophobic interaction하는 부위의 구조를 변화시켜 보다 효능이 우수한 새로운 기전의 ACE억제제를 개발해 나가고자 한다.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.137-139
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• 2011

A Vitis hybrid-Vitis coignetiae red wine was vinified by fermentation of a mixture of a Vitis hybrid.Vitis coignetiae must with Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7904 at $25^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. The Vitis hybrid-Vitis coignetiae red wine showed high antihypertensive angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity (67.8%) and antioxidant activity (76.7%). The antihypertensive ACE inhibitor in the Vitis hybrid-Vitis coignetiae red wine was partially purified by solid phase extraction chromatography, and its ACE inhibitory activity yielded an $IC_{50}$ of 1.8 mg/mL. Six kinds of oligopeptides, including five new kinds, were contained in the partially purified ACE inhibitor fraction from the red wine after 10 days of fermentation. Antioxidant activity decreased significantly from 76.7% to 40.5% when the post-fermentation period was prolonged to 30 days.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.75-80
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• 2000

To separate ACE inhibitors from edible plants, spices, and herbs, 285 extracts of 95 sources were screened for ACE inhibitory activity. The extract of Sinapis alba L. had the most potent ACE inhibitory activity. Mustard seeds were crushed homogeneously and extracted with hexane and water successively. Lyophilized water extract was fractionated with $H_2O$:butanol(1:1). The ACE inhibitor was purified from butanol fraction by methanol precipi-tation, gel filtration, HPLC, and FPLC with Superdex peptide HQ 10/30 column. The active fraction has been purified to homogeneity, which was proven by gel filtration using FPLC system. The yield was 0.02%. The com-pound has a molecular weight of about 640. The compound competitively inhibited ACE activity and the $IC_{50}$ value was 79$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. The purified compound showed uterus contraction activity in isolated rat uterus.