• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.824-828
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• 2017

We investigated the anesthetic effects of MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate), clove oil, 2-phenoxyethanol, $NaHCO_3$, lidocaine-HCl and lidocaine-$HCl/NaHCO_3$ in the glass catfish Kryptopterus vitreolus. Based on the efficacy criteria of complete anesthetic induction from 60 s to 120 s, recovery within 300 s, the lowest effective concentrations at $24^{\circ}C$ were determined to be 60 ppm (induction $82.8{\pm}17.6s$, recovery $80.2{\pm}34.7s$) for MS-222, 40 ppm (induction $70.5{\pm}8.2s$, recovery $83.4{\pm}17.7s$) for clove oil, 250 ppm (induction $64.3{\pm}24.0s$, recovery $62.8{\pm}15.6s$) for 2-phenoxyethanol, 300 ppm (induction $127.3{\pm}13.3s$, recovery $107.5{\pm}4.8s$) for lidocaine-HCl and 200/100 ppm (induction $81.2{\pm}17.2s$, recovery $98.3{\pm}19.7s$) for lidocaine-$HCl/NaHCO_3$. Thus, 200/100 ppm of lidocaine-$HCl/NaHCO_3$ was found to be an effective anesthetic agent.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2020

Background: General anesthesia (GA) has been considered the anesthetic technique which most frequent leads to phantom limb pain (PLP) after a limb amputation. However, these prior reports were limited by small sample sizes. The aims of this study were to evaluate the incidence of PLP according to the various anesthetic techniques used for limb amputation and also to compare the occurrence of PLP according to amputation etiology using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service for large-scale demographic information. Methods: The claims of patients who underwent limb amputation were reviewed by analyzing the codes used to classify standardized medical behaviors. The patients were categorized into three groups-GA, neuraxial anesthesia (NA), and peripheral nerve block (PNB)-in accordance with the anesthetic technique. The recorded diagnosis was confirmed using the diagnostic codes for PLP registered within one year after the limb amputation. Results: Finally, 7,613 individuals were analyzed. According to the recorded diagnoses, 362 patients (4.8%) developed PLP after amputation. Among the 2,992 patients exposed to GA, 191 (6.4%) were diagnosed with PLP, whereas 121 (4.3%) of the 2,840 patients anesthetized with NA, and 50 (2.8%) of the 1,781 patients anesthetized under PNB developed PLP. The relative risks were 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53-0.84; P < 0.001) for NA and 0.43 (95% CI, 0.32-0.59; P < 0.001) for PNB. Conclusions: In this retrospective cohort study, using large-scale population-based databases, the incidence rates of PLP after limb amputations were, in the order of frequency, GA, NA, and PNB.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2014

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze outpatient anesthesia for dental treatment in handicapped patients with behavior disorder in order to use data for carrying out better and safe anesthetic management. Methods: The data were drawn from the 100 patients with behavior disorder who visited CNUDH dental clinic for disabled based on anesthesia record to investigate patient's systemic condition, cooperative level, anesthesia method according to patients cooperation, and side effects after recovery time. Results: Mental retardation (58%) is the most reason to choose general anesthesia. The methods of induction according to cooperative level are intravenous propofol injection in 22 cases and inhalation of sevoflurane in 78 cases. Induction time of anesthesia were within 10 seconds in cases of propofol induction and average $48.8{\pm}18.5$ seconds in cases of inhalation induction. The time spent on dental treatment was average $3.2{\pm}1.1$ hours. After the end of treatment, average time to move from unit chair to recovery bed, to recliner, and to discharge from hospital are $10.4{\pm}5.1$, $36.9{\pm}17.1$ and $72.4{\pm}16.0$ minutes, respectively. During recovery, there are nausea with 9%, vomiting with 4%, dizziness with 2%, finger injury with 1%. Conclusions: This study showed our successful anesthetic outcomes without any severe side effects or complications. Through this study, it will be used for safe anesthetic management as useful reference data.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.507-525
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• 2021

Local anesthesia is indispensable in dentistry. Worldwide, millions of local anesthetic injections are administered annually, and are generally considered safe invasive procedures. However, adverse effects are possible, of which dentists should be aware of. This scoping review aimed to provide an extensive overview of the reported literature on the adverse effects of dental local anesthesia. The types of papers, what is reported, and how they are reported were reviewed. Additionally, the incidence and duration of adverse effects and factors influencing their occurrence were also reviewed. An electronic search for relevant articles was performed in PubMed and Embase databases from inception to January 2, 2020. The titles and abstracts were independently screened by two reviewers. The analysis was narrative, and no meta-analysis was performed. This study included 78 articles. Ocular and neurological adverse effects, allergies, hematomas, needle breakage, tissue necrosis, blanching, jaw ankylosis, osteomyelitis, and isolated atrial fibrillation have been described. Multiple adverse effects of dental local anesthesia have been reported in the literature. The results were heterogeneous, and detailed descriptions of the related procedures were lacking. Vital information concerning adverse effects, such as the dosage or type of anesthetic solution, or the type of needle used, was frequently missing. Therefore, high-quality research on this topic is needed. Finally, the adverse effects that are rarely encountered in real-world general practice are overrepresented in the literature.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.192-197
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• 1990

The microviscosites of the lipid bilayers of liposomal membranes of phospholipids were measured by the intermolecular excimer, formation method employing pyrene as a fluorescence probe, and the effects of n-alkanols and other local anesthetics on the microviscosity were investigated. The results showed that the n-alkanols and the ohter local anesthetics effectively lowered the microviscosity of the lipid bilayer of the dipalmitoyl phosphatidycholine liposomal membrane in proportion to the concentration of the additives. Moreover, there was a fairly good correlation between the ocal anesthetic activities and the microviscosity-lowering activities of these drugs. This results suggests that the nerve blocking activity of local anesthetics might have some relation with their activity fluidizing the lipid bilayer of biomembrane.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2019

Ketamine has long been used as an anesthetic agent. However, ketamine use is associated with numerous side effects, including flashbacks, amnesia, delirium, and aggressive or violent behavior. Ketamine has also been abused as a cocktail with ecstasy, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Several studies have investigated therapeutic applications of ketamine, demonstrating its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in both humans and rodents. We recently reported that neonatal maternal separation causes enhanced anxiety- and aggressive-like behaviors in adolescent. In the present study, we evaluated how acute and chronic ketamine administration affected the behavioral consequences of neonatal maternal separation in adolescent mice. Litters were separated from dams for 4 hours per day for 19 days beginning after weaning. Upon reaching adolescence (post-natal day 35-49), mice were acutely (single injection) or chronically (7 daily injections) treated with a sub-anesthetic dose (15 mg/kg) of ketamine. At least 1 h after administration of ketamine, mice were subjected to open-field, elevated-plus maze, and resident-intruder tests. We found that acute ketamine treatment reduced locomotor activity. In contrast, chronic ketamine treatment decreased anxiety, as evidenced by increased time spent on open arms in the elevated-plus maze, and remarkably reduced the number and duration of attacks. In conclusion, the present study suggests that ketamine has potential for the treatment of anxiety and aggressive or violent behaviors.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 1999

This study was performed to evaluate the anesthetic effects of the epidural administration of tiletamin-zolazepam and lidocaine to rats. Blood pressure, heart rate, respiratoty rate and blood chemistry were examined according to the time lapse, after the administration of tiletamine-zolazepam, lidocaine or saline. The results obtained were as follows. 1, Tiletamine-zolazepam group revealed fast anesthesia onset time (p＜0.01) and also revealed prolonged ambulation time compared with lidocaine group (p＜0.01). 2. In the effects of blood pressure, tiletamine-zolazepam group revealed significantly higher value than lidocaine group or saline group, and revealed the highest value at 20 minutes after administration. According to the time lapse, blood pressure of tiletamine-zolazepam group was recovered and showed similar value with lidocaine group and control group at 90 minutes after administration. 3. In the effects of heart rate, tiletamine-zolazepam group revealed significantly lower value than lidocaine group or saline group and revealed the lowest value at 30 minutes after administration, and recovered similar value with pre-administration at 90 minutes after administration. 4. In the effects of respiratory rate, lidocaine group revealed significantly lower value at 30 minutes administration compared with 0 and 60 minutes after administration (p＜0.01). Tiletamine-zolazepam group also revealed significantly lower value at 30 minutes compared with 0 and 60 minutes after administration (p<0.01). The changes at 60 minutes after administration, lidocaine group revealed lower value than saline or tiletamine-zolazepam group, and tiletamine-zolazepam group revealed similar value with 0 minutes. 5. In the effects of tidal volume, lidocaine group revealed significantly lower value than saline group (p＜0.001) and tiletamine-zolazepam group also revealed lower value than saline group, at 30 minutes after administration. The values at 60 minutes after administration, revealed similar results with that of 30 minutes after administration. 6. In the blood chemistry, the values of alanine transminase (ALT), aspartate transminase(AST) and creatinine did not reveal significant results at 60 minutes after administration. The values of ALT at 60 minutes slightly decreased compared with pre-administration, and revealed normal level.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2014

Background: To manage intractable cancer pain, an alternative to systemic analgesics is neuraxial analgesia. In long-term treatment, intrathecal administration could provide a more satisfactory pain relief with lower doses of analgesics and fewer side-effects than that of epidural administration. However, implantable drug delivery systems using intrathecal pumps in Korea are very expensive. Considering cost-effectiveness, we performed epidural analgesia as an alternative to intrathecal analgesia. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the efficacy, side effects, and complications of epidural morphine and local anesthetic administration through epidural catheters connected to a subcutaneous injection port in 29 Korean terminal cancer patients. Patient demographic data, the duration of epidural administration, preoperative numerical pain rating scales (NRS), side effects and complications related to the epidural catheterization and the drugs, and the numerical pain rating scales on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 30th postoperative days were determined from the medical records. Results: The average score for the numerical pain rating scales for the 29 patients decreased from $7{\pm}1.0$ at baseline to $3.6{\pm}1.4$ on postoperative day 1 (P < 0.001). A similar decrease in pain intensity was maintained for 30 days (P < 0.001). Nausea and vomiting were the most frequently reported side effects of the epidural analgesia and two patients (6.9%) experienced paresthesia. Conclusions: Epidural morphine and local anesthetic infusion with a subcutaneous pump seems to have an acceptable risk-benefit ratio and allows a high degree of autonomy to patients with cancer pain.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.220-225
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• 2012

This study examined the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine or medetomidine in combination with ketamine-butorphanol in dogs. Five dogs were used in both the medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol (MKB) group and the xylazine-ketamine-butorphanol (XKB) group. The procedures for the two groups were performed 4 weeks apart. MKB group showed a shorter duration for anesthesia than XKB group. Other factors were not statistically significant between the two groups. The MKB group showed signs of bradycardia, therefore cautious patient monitoring is necesessary. The XKB showed a longer anesthetic time and less adverse effects, however the MKB combination was more expensive and had less advantages. In conclusion, the results suggested the recommended use of both MKB and XKB in procedures that need approximately 50 minutes. If patients have a risk of bradycardia, one should be cautious of using a medetomidine-xylazine-butorphanol combination. Both MKB and XKB did not have much adverse effects; however MKB did not have advantages when compared to XKB. Therefore, XKB may be more effective when compared to MKB.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the physiological response and the applicable concentration ranges of anesthetic clove oil and anesthetic lidocaine-HCl, and to investigate the synergistic effect of a mixture of these two anesthetics on the in grass puffer (Takifugu niphobles). The anesthesia times decreased and the recovery times increased with increasing concentrations of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl. Applicable concentration ranges for long-term transportation requiring more than 1 hour were 2 ppm for clove oil and 50 ppm for lidocaine-HCl. With mixtures of the two anesthetics, the anesthesia time decreased as the admixture concentration of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl increased. Anesthesia times of experimental groups with the combined anesthetics were shorter than those with the same concentrations of clove oil or lidocaine-HCl alone. Plasma cortisol concentrations were highest at 6 hours in all experimental groups anesthetized with the mixture of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl, while all groups with clove oil or lidocaine-HCl alone had the highest plasma cortisol concentrations at 12 hours. Plasma glucose concentrations were highest at 12 hours in experimental groups anesthetized with the mixture of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl, while groups with clove oil or lidocaine-HCl alone had the highest plasma glucose at 24 hours. The results of this study provide basic information about anesthetics and the synergistic effect of mixtures of anesthetics in this fish species. This information should be useful for aquaculturists who require methods for safe and easy fish handling, and for transporters who require that minimal stress is imposed on fish during transport.