• 제목/요약/키워드: Ancient populations

검색결과 22건 처리시간 0.019초

고고유전학의 분석 원리와 최근 고유전체 연구 동향 (Principles of Archaeogenetics and the Current Trends of Ancient Genome Studies)

  • 김태호;우은진;박순영
    • 해부∙생물인류학
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    • 제31권4호
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    • pp.105-119
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    • 2018
  • 고고유전학은 고DNA에 대한 분석을 고고학 및 인류학적 증거와 교차검증함으로써 인류사에 대한 과학적인 사실을 정립하고자 하는 학문이다. 30여 년 전 시작된 고DNA 연구는 급격하게 발전하여 최근 10년간은 전장유전체의 염기서열을 분석하는 고유전체 연구로 그 범위를 확장하였다. 이를 통해 고인류 종들과 현생 인류 고대 집단들의 기원 및 이주 패턴들을 진화유전학적으로 엄밀하게 연구하는 것이 가능해졌다. 본 연구에서는 고고유전학의 전반적인 분석 원리와 최근의 고유전체 연구 성과 및 경향을 검토하였다. 시료 채취 기술 및 통계 분석 방법의 발전, 고인류 및 서유라시아 고대 집단들의 고유전체 연구들을 통해 정립된 연구 방법들은 현재 다른 지역들에도 활발하게 적용되고 있는 추세다. 그러나 한반도를 포함한 동아시아 고유전체 연구는 아직 부진한 실정이다. 본 연구를 통해 아직 수행된 바 없는 한반도 고유전체 연구가 진행될 시 어떠한 사실들을 밝힐 수 있는지 그 가능성을 전망하고자 한다.

Ancient Human Parasites in Ethnic Chinese Populations

  • Yeh, Hui-Yuan;Mitchell, Piers D.
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제54권5호
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    • pp.565-572
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    • 2016
  • Whilst archaeological evidence for many aspects of life in ancient China is well studied, there has been much less interest in ancient infectious diseases, such as intestinal parasites in past Chinese populations. Here, we bring together evidence from mummies, ancient latrines, and pelvic soil from burials, dating from the Neolithic Period to the Qing Dynasty, in order to better understand the health of the past inhabitants of China and the diseases endemic in the region. Seven species of intestinal parasite have been identified, namely roundworm, whipworm, Chinese liver fluke, oriental schistosome, pinworm, Taenia sp. tapeworm, and the intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski. It was found that in the past, roundworm, whipworm, and Chinese liver fluke appear to have been much more common than the other species. While roundworm and whipworm remained common into the late 20th century, Chinese liver fluke seems to have undergone a marked decline in its prevalence over time. The iconic transport route known as the Silk Road has been shown to have acted as a vector for the transmission of ancient diseases, highlighted by the discovery of Chinese liver fluke in a 2,000 year-old relay station in northwest China, 1,500 km outside its endemic range.

Detection Trend of Helminth Eggs in the Strata Soil Samples from Ancient Historic Places of Korea

  • Seo, Min;Chai, Jong-Yil;Kim, Myeung Ju;Shim, Sang Yuk;Ki, Ho Chul;Shin, Dong Hoon
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제54권5호
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    • pp.555-563
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    • 2016
  • For several years, we have conducted a series of studies on the patterns of ancient parasitism prevailing in the soil of rural and urban areas of past Kingdom of Korea. Actually, during our survey of paleoparasitology in archaeological sites of Korean peninsula, numerous ancient parasite eggs were discovered in the samples from the city districts of Hansung (Joseon) and Buyeo (Baikje), the palace moat at Gyeongju (Silla), shell-midden site at Bonghwang-dong (Silla to Joseon), and the reservoir found in Hwawangsansung fortress (Silla). By the paleoparasitological studies, with respect to parasitism in the high-density populations of ancient towns and cities, we have managed to catch glimpses of the patterns prevalent therein: a serious parasitic contamination of the soil in ancient urban areas, but not in rural areas of the past. Our historical research also proposed the plausible mechanism of parasite infection very serious indeed among urban populations in Korean history. Although city dwelling doubtless has accrued significant benefits for people and populations with agriculture, it can be equally supposed that living in such highly populated areas might have facilitated the spread of parasite infection.

Paleoparasitology research on ancient helminth eggs and larvae in the Republic of Korea

  • Jong-Yil Chai;Min Seo;Dong Hoon Shin
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제61권4호
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    • pp.345-387
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    • 2023
  • Paleoparasitology is a discipline that applies existing conventional and molecular techniques to study parasites found in ancient ruins. This review focuses on the history of the discovery of parasites (mostly helminth eggs and larvae) in archaeological soil samples and mummies in Korea from the Three Kingdoms Period to the Joseon Dynasty (100 BCE-1910 CE). We also briefly review important milestones in global paleoparasitology. The helminth species reported so far in Korea included Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis (larva), Trichostrongylus sp. (larva), Paracapillaria philippinensis (syn. Capillaria philippinensis), Enterobius vermicularis, Fasciola hepatica, dicrocoeliids, Paragonimus westermani, Clonorchis sinensis, Metagonimus yokogawai, Pygidiopsis summa, Gymnophalloides seoi, Isthmiophora hortensis, Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis (syn. Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense), and Taenia spp. tapeworms. The findings obtained by Korean paleoparasitologists/archaeologists have brought about deep insight into the status of helminthic infections in Korea's past populations. Continued paleoparasitological research is essential for further understanding of ancient parasites and parasitic diseases in Korea.

경산 임당동 및 사천 늑도 출토 인골의 유전자 분석 (Genetic Analysis of Ancient Human Bones Excavated in Sacheon Nuk-do and Gyeongsan Yimdang-dong, Korea)

  • 서민석;이규식
    • 보존과학연구
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    • 통권25호
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    • pp.47-74
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    • 2004
  • We investigated the nucleotide substitution and insertion polymorphism of the hypervariable region Ⅰ and Ⅱ in mt DNA by sequencing ancient DNA from 51 ancient bones and teeth excavated at Nuk-do and Yimdang-dong in Korea. It revealed 35 sequence types from the ancient Korean. Of these, different sequences were 34 sequences. There were 19 and 38 base substitutions in HVI and HVⅡ, respectively. Some substitutions were characteristic of East Asian populations as compared with data reported on Caucacianpopulations,16051, 16150, 16172, 16223 in region I and 73, 263 in region II were noted as polymorphic sites, respectively. These were distributed evenly along the control region, though the frequency of each site was variable. Nucleotide substitution rather than insertion and deletion was the prevalent pattern of variation. Insertion of cytosine between312 and 315 in region HVⅡ were detected up to 98% in 51 ancient bone samples. This sequence data represents a phylogenetic tree using NTI DNA Suite computer program. The phylogenetic tree showed that mt DNA sequences of Nuk-do bones were relative to west Siberian and Indonesian. The usefulness of mt DNA sequencing in ancient Korean population excavated atarchaeological sites is based on biological and historical evidence for origin and migration of ancient Korean.

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Mitochondrial DNA analysis of ancient human bones excavated from Nukdo island, S.Korea

  • Kim, Ae-Jin;Kim, Ki-Jeong;Choi, Jee-Hye;Choi, Eun-Ha;Jung, Yu-Jin;Min, Na-Young;Lkhagvasuren, Gavaachimed;Rhee, Sang-Myung;Kim, Jae-Hyun;Noh, Maeng-Seok;Park, Ae-Ja;Kim, Kyung-Yong;Kang, Yoon-Sung;Lee, Kwang-Ho;Kim, Keun-Cheol
    • BMB Reports
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    • 제43권2호
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    • pp.133-139
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    • 2010
  • We have performed analyses using ancient DNA extracted from 25 excavated human bones, estimating around the 1st century B.C. Ancient human bones were obtained from Nukdo Island, which is located off of the Korean peninsula of East Asia. We made concerted efforts to extract ancient DNA of high quality and to obtain reproducible PCR products, as this was a primary consideration for this extensive kind of undertaking. We performed PCR amplifications for several regions of the mitochondrial DNA, and could determine mitochondrial haplogroups for 21 ancient DNA samples. Genetic information from mitochondrial DNA belonged to super-haplogroup M, haplogroup D or its sub-haplogroups (D4 or D4b), which are distinctively found in East Asians, including Koreans or Japanese. The dendrogram and principal component analysis based on haplogroup frequencies revealed that the Nukdo population was close to those of the East Asians and clearly distinguished from populations shown in the other regions. Considering that Nukdo is geologically isolated in the southern part of the Korean peninsula and is a site of commercial importance with neighboring countries, these results may reflect genetic continuity for the habitation and migration of ethnic groups who had lived in a particular area in the past. Therefore, we suggest that phylogenetic analyses of ancient DNA have significant advantages for clarifying the origins and migrations of ethnic groups, or human races.

유전자 분석의 고고학적 고찰 (Archeological Consideration of DNA Typing)

  • 이규식;서민석;정용재
    • 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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    • 제35권
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    • pp.120-137
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    • 2002
  • It has not been a long time since we recognize that a word 'DNA' is not unfamiliar with us. Development of biology give us so much of benefits of civilization and so we call the 21th century as 'biological period'. It has not been a long time that archeology made contact with biology. With biological development, DNA typing analysis has been accomplished extensively since 1990's. We know through mitochondrial DNA base sequencing analysis that the Neanderthal man is not the origin of the human race and ancient human race set out from Africa. Biological science technology, which is polymerase chain reaction(PCR) or electrophoresis etc., made these results possible. A contact between biology, especially genetics, and archeology is getting accomplished through these current. If genetics keep in contact with archeological foundation, we know not only about ancient populations in the Korean Peninsula, but also origin of human race. This field is so-called 'DNA Archeology'. This field is of help to person identification and children discrimination as like a forensic science. We make every effort for great possibilities from co-ownership of these two fields and these fields needs to convert a recognition, especially.

부여 큰독골 유적 출토 인골 조직 및 외부 토양의 세균 군집의 비교연구 (Comparative Study of Soil Bacterial Populations in Human Remains and Soil from Keundokgol Site at Buyeo)

  • 김윤지;김수훈;권은실;조은민;강소영
    • 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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    • 제47권4호
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    • pp.92-105
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    • 2014
  • 인골과 인골 주변 토양에 분포하는 세균의 군집구조를 비교하기 위해 부여 오수리 큰독골 유적에서 발굴된 조선시대 회곽묘 인골 중 상대적으로 시료 상태가 좋지 않은 4호 인골과 상태가 양호한 5호 인골 및 주변 토양에서 DNA를 추출하였다. 추출한 DNA의 16S rDNA 염기서열 분석을 수행한 결과, 4호 인골에서 구축된 319개 클론은 ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, Chlorobi, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes 그리고 novel gene group 등 총 11개의 계통군이 확인되었다. 인골 주변 토양에서 구축된 462개 콜론은 ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$, ${\delta}$-Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, Chlorobi, Firmicutes, Thermodesulfobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Gemmatimonadetes, Verrucomicrobia 그리고 novel gene group 등 총 16개 계통군이 확인되었다. 5호 인골에서 구축된 271개 클론은 ${\alpha}$, ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes 그리고 novel gene group 등 총 10개의 계통군이 확인되었으며, 인골 주변 토양에서 구축된 497개 클론은 ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes 그리고 Verrucomicrobia 등 총 11개 계통군으로 확인되었다. 4호, 5호의 모든 시료에서 Actinobacteria 계통군이 가장 높은 비율을 차지하고 있으며, ${\alpha}$-Proteobacteria 계통군 또한 높은 비율을 차지하는 것으로 분석되었다. 인골은 주변 토양 세균의 군집에 의해 광범위하게 오염되어 있다는 것이 확인되었으며, 본 결과는 인골의 보존과 관리를 위한 중요 자료로 활용될 것이다.

아프리칸-아메리칸 헤어 스타일에 나타난 이데올로기 (The Ideologies Expressed on African-American Hair-styles)

  • 장미숙
    • 복식문화연구
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.402-415
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    • 2011
  • The purpose of this study is to research the ideologies of African-American hair-styles according to cultural phenomena. This is a qualitative research using the books and theses about society, culture, hair and beauty, and materials of internet. The results are; Firstly, African-Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. About 75 percent of the dark-skinned people on this continent have hair labeled "kinky". Secondly, African hair-styles expressed Supernaturalism and Traditionalism in the formative period of African culture. African-American hair-styles reflected Colonialism in the period of slaves. African-American citizen's hair-styles showed Nationalism after 1960s' Black Pride Movement in the period of settlement in America, and expressed De-territorialism since the boom of 1970s' Reggae. Today, the wearing of dreadlocks, cornrows, and afros has transcended racial and religious barriers. No longer necessarily reflections of ancient traditions and cultural identification, they are just as often fashion items.

Assessing the Parasitic Burden in a Late Antique Florentine Emergency Burial Site

  • Roche, Kevin;Pacciani, Elsa;Bianucci, Raffaella;Bailly, Matthieu Le
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • 제57권6호
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    • pp.587-593
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    • 2019
  • Excavation (2008-2014) carried out under the Uffizi Gallery (Florence, Italy) led to the discovery of 75 individuals, mostly buried in multiple graves. Based on Roman minted coins, the graves were preliminarily dated between the second half of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th centuries CE. Taphonomy showed that this was an emergency burial site associated with a catastrophic event, possibly an epidemic of unknown etiology with high mortality rates. In this perspective, paleoparasitological investigations were performed on 18 individuals exhumed from 9 multiple graves to assess the burden of gastrointestinal parasitism. Five out of eighteen individuals (27.7%) tested positive for ascarid-type remains; these are considered as "decorticated" Ascaris eggs, which have lost their outer mammillated coat. Roundworms (genus Ascaris) commonly infest human populations under dire sanitary conditions. Archaeological and historical evidence indicates that Florentia suffered a period of economic crisis between the end of 4th and the beginning of the 5th centuries CE, and that the aqueduct was severely damaged at the beginning of the 4th century CE, possibly during the siege of the Goths (406 CE). It is more than plausible that the epidemic, possibly coupled with the disruption of the aqueduct, deeply affected the living conditions of these individuals. A 27.7% frequency suggests that ascariasis was widespread in this population. This investigation exemplifies how paleoparasitological information can be retrieved from the analysis of sediments sampled in cemeteries, thus allowing a better assessment of the varying frequency of parasitic infections among ancient populations.