• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6118-6127
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• 2012

The Mesopotamia civilization is developed by physical geography. It began from Sumer civilization at BC 3800 and finished to Assyria and Babylonia civilization at BC 600. Therefore, to examine the changing process of the city of 3,000 years standing, it is important to know the elements of the influence to the initial human civilization and city. This study analyzed the 13 cities, that the city were among the 30 the city in same age. As a result of this study, firstly, functions of the city were gradually transition from the farming culture to the functions of commerce, trade, and military. Secondly, the location of the city was gradually move into northern from southern, it is associated with features of the city. Thirdly, the aspect of urban form, the hills above the city of Tel's shape was gradually coming down to the plains. So later, became a form of urban planning undisturbed terrain. fourthly, urban structure has slowly changed from the temple based city to palace based city.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.261-269
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• 2017

Designed by star architect of Moshes Safdie, Raffles City Chongqing includes a total of 6 mega high-rise towers 250 to 380 m tall, a sky conservatory, a 5-storey high shopping mall and a 3-storey basement car parking. Located at the confluence of the Yangtze and Jailing Rivers, the site for the project is imbued with a significance that is immediately symbolic, both as a sign of Chongqing's important past and as a vivid indicator of the city's thriving present and future. The design for the project to be situated at this gateway takes as its governing idea the image of powerful sails upon the water. The outer facades of the project's eight towers - the transparent surfaces that will face the water to the north - are meant to recall a fleet of ancient Chinese ships, with their huge rectangles of white canvas filled by the wind. This is a $1.13million\;m^2$ mega scale integrated project of office, retail, hotel, service residence and high-end residence with the transportation hub and traffic circulation at various levels of the project. This paper presents the multi-dimensional hybrid design, engineering and construction of this mega scale project. The innovations and the cutting-edge technology used in this project are introduced and discussed benchmarking the design and construction of the skyscraper cluster in a major city like Chongqing of China.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2023

By limiting population and land resources, a high-density urban form has become the inevitable choice for central cities in the rapid growth of many large cities in China. Due to the shift in urban growth and focus, high-density urban areas require restoration and improvement. This study intends to combine ancient and new districts, establish strategies for enhancing urban function, spatial utility, industry, and transportation, and thus enhance regional holistic effectiveness, by performing in-depth research.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.7
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• pp.155-231
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• 2009

Xu-Jing(徐競) an official of the Song(宋), a medieval Kingdom of China, wrote a book titled $\ll$Koryo Tu Jing(高麗圖經)$\gg$ which explains his travel to the Koryo as a member of diplomatic mission in 1123. $\ll$Koryo Tu Jing$\gg$ is the record of his personal experience in Koryo with many explanatory illustrations and especially contains 5 months' voyage record of his diplomatic fleet. His fleet set sail at a port located in the Ding Hai Xian(定海縣), Ming Zhou(明州) via a few islands of Koryo [Hyup Kye San(俠界山) , the Kun San Do(群山島) , the Ja Yon Do(紫燕島) , the Keup Su Mun(急水門) in Kang Hwa Gun(江華郡) and the Hap Gul(蛤窟) ] and finally arrived the Port Ye Song Hang(禮成港) . According to the Xu-Jing's record his fleet sailed the sea with the help of the favorable seaward winds and tides as the usual way of ancient sailing. The Xu- Jing's Fleet sailed the sea between the Mei Cen(梅岑), Ming Zhou(明州) of China and the Hyup Kye San(俠界山) of Koryo from about 5:00 a.m., May 24th(of the lunar calendar) to about 5:00 p.m., June 2nd. At this section, the average speed of the seaward winds was 19.45km/h and the average speed of the fleet which sailed only by the power of the winds was 6.29km/h. This means that 32.3% of the favorable seaward winds' speed was equal to the speed of the ancient fleet which sailed only by the power of the favorable seaward winds. The fleet sailed the sea between the Ja Yon Do(紫燕島) and the Keup Su Mun(急水門) from about 9:00 a.m., June 10th to about 1:00 p.m., the same day. At this section the fleet sailed by the power of tides in addition to the favorable seaward winds without oaring. The average speed of the winds was not different from that of former section and the average speed of the tides was 1.937km/h. And at this section the average speed of the fleet increased by 0.41km/h than that of the former section. This means that 21.1% of the speed of the tides was equal to the increased speed of the ancient fleet by virtue of the tides. The fleet sailed the sea between Keup Su Mun(急水門) and the Hap Gul(蛤窟) from about 1:00 p.m., June 10th to about 3:00 p.m., the same day. At this section, there were no seaward winds and the fleet sailed only by the powers of tides and oaring. And at this section, the tide increased the average speed of the fleet by 0.3114km/h and the fleet could sail at the speed of 4.3km/h. So we can conclude that the average speed of ancient fleet without any influences of the seaward winds and tides was 3.98 km/h. We can make use of the various sailing speeds of ancient fleets when judging their maritime activities. If we make use of the various sailing speeds of the ancient fleets as calculated in this article, we will be able to get various important informations about the certain ancient fleet's maritime maneuver. For example, we can infer the sailing routs of a certain fleet and the time when the fleet passed a certain spot by making use of the various sailing speeds of the ancient fleet. In this article I did not take account of the shapes of ships that consist of the ancient fleets and the sizes of the various ships and fleets. It was because that such factors would not change the foresaid conclusions seriously.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.833-844
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• 2021

A well-maintained landscape can increase the competitiveness of a city. Gyeongju which is the famous ancient capital of Korea, has numerous historical resources. However, the disharmony between the historical landscape and the surrounding landscape weakens the competitiveness of the city. At present, most landscape analysis methods mainly focus on plans, photos, and animation, which have certain limitations in the expression of landscape spatial scale and materials. This study aimed to use the virtual walkthrough method to take the Wolseong District of Gyeongju historical areas as the object in order to evaluate the landscape visually. Compared with planar landscape analysis methods, such as photos and videos, the virtual walkthrough method is more immersive and intuitive to experience the spatial scale. The study results revealed images, visual characteristics, and visual influence factors of the landscape, which provide essential data for the construction and improvement of landscapes in similar historical areas in the future.

• Journal of Urban Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.47-52
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to review and evaluate the proper planning for 2030 Incheon Urban Parks & Green Space Master Plan. Some of the plans are aimed at multiple small districts within the city's old town, as local governments are planned to be sub-subsidized by Incheon Metropolitan City. However, these plans have become simple plans for each district and therefore find it difficult to collect from the perspective of the using system of the residents who are directly used. First, the construction of the urban park and green space network requires the construction of a service using system that can be felt by the users. Second, the basic idea of each district planned as the detailed strategy of the master plan should be planned through consultation with nearby the district. Third, specific targets and directions for the urban park and green space plan through the urban development project are needed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to examine the possibilities of use as a factor of the water landscape in modern urban spaces such as parks and, apartments, through a case study of the concept, functions, and culture of moats in the East and West from ancient times to the Middle Ages. This study aimed to examine the concept, origin, and function of the moat as a theoretical consideration. Asian castles with moats, including those in Korea, China and Japan, and Western castles with moats in Britain, France, Belgium, and Germany were investigated and analyzed. By reflecting on these cultures and the functions of the moat in modern urban spaces and converting the environment damaged due to industrialization and urbanization into an eco-friendly and environment symbiotic city the quality of life can be improved, and sustainable development can be achieved. This study was conducted through a literature survey and field investigation.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-26
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• 2014

In the modern world, we can share information and new products as quickly as an email can be sent, or a parcel can be loaded onto an aircraft. But the brick-walled urban centres that sprung up in Myanmar around 150 CE suggest that ancient people could be just as excited about new information and products, even though the transmission of data and cultural objects followed a different path. These huge resource-intensive cities, inspired by the walled cities of India, were not built in sequence, as has been generally assumed, but in the same period. Once the Royal City arrived, the chiefly families of early First Millennium Upper Myanmar just had to have one.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.119-134
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• 2012

Balhae(698~926) was the ancient state which opened the Nambuk-guk period with the Unified Silla. But Balhae architecture began to included in the history of Korean architecture only about 15 years ago, such as the books written by Yun Jang-seop or Ju Nam-cheol. I discussed four issues related to Balhae architecture in this paper. First, I criticized the excavation report of 24 stones remains at Jiangdong in Duhua city, and I asserted the ondol site belonged to different period. Second, I also interpreted that the building found on the tombs no.13 and no.14, in the Longhai burial area in Helong city must be a wooden stupa. Third, Balhae played some important roles in the history of ondol. It developed Koguryeo ondol in terms of structure, gave an opportunity to the ruling class to adopt ondol for the first time, and passed the heating system down to the Jurchen, the ancestor of the modern Manchurian. Fourth, the Russian-Korean joint research team excavated seven building sites in Koksharovka 1 fortress from Russian territory these four years, and it is reasonable to assume the fortress was the center of Anbyeon-bu, one of 15 local government districts in Balhae. I guess this buildings were the royal shrine built by resisters after the fall of Balhae, and the vessel stands found there must be used for ancestral memorial ceremony inside them.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.12
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• pp.147-154
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• 2006

The final purpose of this study is to explore morphological change of Shenyang in the period of the rising Chung Dynasty. For that purpose we have tried to build the historical GIS DB of site and analysis of the structure and shape pattern of the city by using the functions of GIS. From the view of spatial structure and cultural context, main characteristics, which is derived from the analysis of ancient map of Shenyang, can be summarized into five things as follows ; transformation of open spatial structure into closed structure, combination of horizontal spatial structure with vertical structure, transformation of practical spatial structure into symbolic structure, transformation of natural spatial structure into institutional form of ancient Chinese capital city, conservation of traditional Manchurian culture.