• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.37-49
• /
• 2017

The Jinshanling section of the Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications in northern China that was constructed for strategic military defenses. This section was first built in the beginning of the Ming Dynasty in AD 1368 and then underwent major construction, reconstruction and renovation during the late Ming Dynasty, approximately in AD 1569. The Jinshanling section is 10.5 km long, a very short section compared with the entire 21,200 km wall. The wall section is located in Luanping County, Hebei province, China. This research paper focuses on the construction methods and materials of the wall and the towers in the area. The research methodology includes site visits, knowledge acquisition of experts and 3D graphic modeling. This study reveals that the materials selected for the structure include rubbles and rammed earth, bricks, stones, timber, and mortar. The erection sequence of the wall and the towers was a bottom-up fashion using various ancient construction techniques, such as the fire-setting rock blasting techniques and the surveying techniques from the Sea Island Mathematical Manual.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.35
• /
• pp.160-184
• /
• 2002

The composition analysis of mural pigments at Daeungjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple(Treasure No. 55) and ancient tomb with mural pigments in Goadong(Historic site No. 165) were carried out by XRF and MXRD. The analytical result showed that red pigments were Red Lead($Pb_3O_4$), Cinnabar(HgS) at Daeungjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple and Cinnabar(HgS) in Goadong. The main composition identified in white pigments were Lead Carbonate Hydroxide[$PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$]. Green pigments were basic copper chloride[Paratacamite $CuCl{\cdot}Cu(OH)_3$], celadonite[$K(Mg,Fe,Al)_2(Si, Al)_4O_{10}(OH)_2$] at Daeungjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple and were basic copper chloride or basic copper carbonate in Goadong. Therefore it proved that mural pigments painted in use the mineral materials.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.193-204
• /
• 2012

This research aims to examination the material characteristics changes of the ancient clay depending to firing temperature and to verify the firing temperature of the Joseon potteries from the Yongam site in Ssangyongdong of Cheonan, Korea. To this study, we conducted a firing experiments using the ancient clay that was verified raw material of the Joseon potteries from the study area in the temperature range from 500 to $1,200^{\circ}C$. The yellowish tint, the reddish tint and the specific gravity of firing samples increase according to firing temperature rise. But the absorption ratio and the porosity decreased under same firing temperature range. The soft potteries from the Yongam site has similar material characteristics with the fired samples at 800 to $950^{\circ}C$. And the hard potteries from the Yongam site bears the same relation to the fired samples at about $1,100^{\circ}C$. This result is considerably signification for the interpretation of firing temperature. The geochemical characteristics of the original clay according to the firing experiments, on the other hand, is not affected of temperature in this study.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.133-139
• /
• 2010

We have performed analyses using ancient DNA extracted from 25 excavated human bones, estimating around the 1st century B.C. Ancient human bones were obtained from Nukdo Island, which is located off of the Korean peninsula of East Asia. We made concerted efforts to extract ancient DNA of high quality and to obtain reproducible PCR products, as this was a primary consideration for this extensive kind of undertaking. We performed PCR amplifications for several regions of the mitochondrial DNA, and could determine mitochondrial haplogroups for 21 ancient DNA samples. Genetic information from mitochondrial DNA belonged to super-haplogroup M, haplogroup D or its sub-haplogroups (D4 or D4b), which are distinctively found in East Asians, including Koreans or Japanese. The dendrogram and principal component analysis based on haplogroup frequencies revealed that the Nukdo population was close to those of the East Asians and clearly distinguished from populations shown in the other regions. Considering that Nukdo is geologically isolated in the southern part of the Korean peninsula and is a site of commercial importance with neighboring countries, these results may reflect genetic continuity for the habitation and migration of ethnic groups who had lived in a particular area in the past. Therefore, we suggest that phylogenetic analyses of ancient DNA have significant advantages for clarifying the origins and migrations of ethnic groups, or human races.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Marine Engineers Conference
• /
• 2005.11a
• /
• pp.154-155
• /
• 2005

A trial excavation of underwater cultural properties at Dongsam site in Busan has been conducted. The site is located in the vicinity of Dongsam shell mound. The trial excavation consists of the shore investigation and the underwater investigation. For the shore investigation four trenches were digged. For the underwater investigation twenty boreholes were cored, and sediments at four predetermined sites were removed by air lifting technique. From the trial excavation a stump of a tree with many pieces of wood, and a few fragments of earthenwares were found. A comprehensive study of the trail excavation might furnish data for studying ancient coastal environment.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.35-40
• /
• 2011

The recent listing of Preah Vihear Temple as a World Heritage Site has awakened a longtime simmering border dispute between Thailand and Cambodia over a few square kilometers surrounding the ancient Khmer Temple. While the listing of the site by UNESCO was expected to revive the economy of the impoverished border towns near the temple due to the increased tourism and funding for the preservation of the archeological site, it has had the opposite effect due to the sharp increase in violent conflict carried out by the armed forces and nationalist activists from both sides. Military skirmishes and violent protests have brought the local economy to a halt in addition to causing considerable physical damage to the local infrastructure and to the local transnational network of ethnic Kui, local business owners, Khmer and Thai villagers. This paper shows how the dispute is viewed and undertaken by three distinct communities involved in the conflict, the militaries, the metropolitan political elites and activists, and the local villagers. The three communities represent three different cultures of conflict with different interests and most importantly with differential access to the media and official representations of the dispute.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.479-490
• /
• 1997

This study attempted to grasp the etimological meaning of the ancient place name Dumo, and to identify when the ancient place names in Dumo system started to be used by Korean people. The results of analysis of generic toponym and specific toponym of the ancient place names in Dumo system are as follow: Firstly, Chumong, the name of the founder of the Koguryo Dynasty, and his two sons Biryu,the founder of the kingdom Biryu-Paekche, and Oncho, the founder of the kingdom Paekche, are presumed to originate from place name, not from person's name. Particularly, the name of Chumong is considered to be a person's name which comes from Dumo system. Oncho, who claimed to be a son of Chumong, a person of north-Puyo, transterred the capital of his kingdom to the present site of Dumo in Chunggung-dong, Hanam city in present, which is thought to be an early capital of Paekche or a part of it. Secondly, the word of Dumo means a warm space which is surrounded by mountains, protected from wind, endowed with river which provided with water. This kind of spatial cognition gradually evolved as the prototypical locational artifice which was diffused to Manchuria and Japan, and is believed to be introduced to the Korean Peninsula.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.171-182
• /
• 2010

The slag excavated from Gyesil-ri in Gongju, Yeonje-ri in Cheongwon and Beopcheonsaji (temple) site in Wonju are analyzed by X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer, metallurgical microscope, SEM-EDS etc., for chemical composition and microstructure to figure out the raw material and the iron manufacturing technique. First of all, as a result of principal component analysis, the total Fe-content of slag from Gyesil-ri is 39 to 44% and the modified rate is 15 to 21%, which is common in ancient iron slag. Yeonje-ri site is found the ancient iron-smelting furnace. The total Fe-content of slag from Yeonje-ri is 41 to 43% and modified rate is 18~30%, which is also the general value in the ancient slag. However only slag is excavated in the residential area at Beopcheonsaji site and there is no iron making relic. In addition, the result of principal component analysis contains that the total Fe-content of Beopcheonsaji site is 52 to 57%, and modified rate is 8 to 14%. It shows that the total Fe-content of Beopcheonsaji site is higher than relic from Gyesil-ri and Yeonje-ri and the modified rate is lower than other sites. This results mean that recollecting rate of Fe in Beopcheonsaji site is lower than other sites. Also, as a result of minor elements analysis, the slag from Gyesil-ri has the higher level of Ti, V and Zr than other sites and the microstructure are observed as magnetite and ulvospinel, so that the raw material of slag is iron sand. But the slag from Yeonje-ri and Beopcheonsaji site are identified to use iron ore. As a result of microstructure observation, fayalite, gray-columnar crystal, is found in the slag from Yeonje-ri and big wustite as main phase is observed in the slag from Beopcheonsaji site. This study show that the slag from Yeonje-ri is made of smelt ash produced during smelting works and the slag from Beopcheonsaji site is made of forging ash produced during forging work concerning the excavated location and the microstructure.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.373-383
• /
• 2019

We characterized the smelting process and smelting furnace through scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and raman micro-spectroscopy with 13 relics including slags and furnace walls excavated from square-shaped building sites and pits of the Three Kingdoms site at the Ungyo site section I. Our results revealed that the principal components were FeO and SiO₂; and CuO, PbO, and ZnO were contained in small quantities. Furthermore, fayalite, magnetite, augite, copper, and cuprite were found. High contents of FeO or SiO₂ components seem to have been added to form fayalite to remove gangue in the smelting process. The relatively low content of S detected in the copper prills suggests that roasting was performed well. Cristobalite and mullite, which are minerals that indicate high-temperature found in the furnace wall, show that the smelting temperature was higher than 1,250℃. The findings of this study show a high possibility that the Wanju Ungyo site is smelting remains of copper ores, which are nonferrous metals, rather than iron. Various smelting byproducts excavated in this area in the future will help us better understand the copper smelting process that may have been performed since ancient times.

• 보존과학연구
• /
• s.27
• /
• pp.5-22
• /
• 2006

Mireuksa is a temple that was established in the Baekjea Period and continued around to the 16thcentury. The sites of the temple throughout diverse periods such as the United Shilla Period, KoryuPeriod, and Chosun Period including the one of the early temple in the late Baekjea Period were discovered. In those temple sites, there were lots of diverse artifacts discovered including artifacts in the Bronze Age. In this study, the compositions of four bronze bells excavated from Mireuksa site in Iksan were analyzed and the manufacturing technique of bronze bells was studied through the observation of microstructure. Also, the analytical cases of ancient bronze bells were collected and compared. Furthermore, the provenance study of the bronze bells site was attempted with the Pbisotope ratio. The results aim to offer crucial keys for discovering the aspect of society as well as information about the origin, development, and the route of propagation of ancient technologies. Bronze bell No. 1 showed an unexpected composition as Cu was found 98.5% in it. There were shown twins which were created by annealing and an even phase in the fine grains. It was also shown that bronze bell No. 2 and 4 had a high content of Pb although they showed a similar composition with general bronze bells in terms of Sn content. As shown in the analysis characteristics table of Korean bronze bell of this study, the ancient bronze bell used Pb of which content was limited to 2.12% in general, however, the results showed 15.5% and 13.2% respectively, which is an excessive amount. Asa result of analyzing inclusion in the microstructure of bronze bell No. 2, it was found that sulfide group mineral was used since there appeared S(14.55%). Also, it was proven that $CuFeS_2$ or$Cu_5FeS_4$ was used as a raw material because there was a small amount of Fe. As a result of analyzing inclusion of bronze bell No. 4, the bronze bell sample contained S(13.43%) and it is thought that sulfide group mineral was used, however, it had no Fe. Therefore, it is not connected to $CuFeS_2$ which is the main mineral of Korea. In addition, a strain line was shown with processing in bronze bell No. 2 and 4. As a result of provenance study of bronze bell No. 2 and 4 using the Pb isotope ratio, they or their raw materials are estimated to come from the southern China. Bronze bell No. 3 showed only Cu and Sn, and it is featured with a relatively low amount of Sn(6.63%). The microstructure has only phase, andintergranular corrosion was highly in progress.